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English A2 > Language Change Terminology > Flashcards

Language Change Terminology Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

What is orthography?

A

The method of spelling/correct spelling.

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2
Q

What is an ampersand?

A

the symbol ‘&’, which is more prominent in the past

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3
Q

What is non-standard capitalisation?

A

Where capital letters are allocated mid-sentence to words other than proper nouns. This could be for emphasis or arbitrarily.

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4
Q

What is archaism/archaic language?

A

A word which has fallen out of common usage or is old fashioned.

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5
Q

What is a semantic shift?

A

The shift in a word’s meaning over time, e.g. ‘sick’ now meaning something which is cool, rather than someone being unwell

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6
Q

What is globalised vocabulary?

A

An influx of new words and phrases due to the advent of mass-media and international travel

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7
Q

Overt prestige

A

Refers to the status speakers get from using the most official and standard form of a language.

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8
Q

Covert prestige

A

Refers to the status of speakers who choose not to adopt a standard dialect get from a particular group within soceity

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9
Q

Obsolete

A

No longer having any use

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10
Q

Influential power

A

Power used to influence or persuade others

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11
Q

Instrumental power

A

Power used to maintain and enforce authority

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12
Q

Prescriptivism

A

An attitude to language use that makes judgements about what is right and wrong and holds language up to an ideal standard that should be maintained

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13
Q

Descriptivism

A

An attitude to language use that seeks to describe without making value judgements

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14
Q

What is a neologism?

A

A newly coined word

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15
Q

What is a lone word?

A

Words borrowed from another language

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16
Q

What is compounding?

A

LAP + TOP = LAPTOP

17
Q

What is blending?

A

SMoke + fOG = SMOG

18
Q

What is abbreviating?

A

TELEPHONE = PHONE

19
Q

What is backformation/clipping?

A

E.g. televise from television

20
Q

What is affixation?

A

Adding a suffix or prefix.

E.g. UN + FRIENDLY = UNFRIENDLY

21
Q

What is broadening?

A

A word is extended.

E.g. A butcher = seller of goats

NOW means a seller of meat

22
Q

What does narrowing mean?

A

Words become narrow.

E.g. A doctor = Once meant a teacher or a learned man

23
Q

What is amelioration?

A

Where a word meaning becomes more positive

24
Q

What does pejoration mean?

A

Where a words meaning becomes negative

25
Q

What is semantic shift?

A

Where a words meaning has completely shifted

26
Q

Synthetic Personalisation

A

Synthetic personalisation is the process of addressing mass audiences as though they were individuals through inclusive language usage.

Proposed by Fairclough

27
Q

Fonts

A

FONTS – DIFFERENT FONTS CAN BE USED TO PORTRAY DIFFERENT TONES AND MEANINGS, E.G.

28
Q

Layouts

A

Layouts – Layouts can make a page busy, easy to follow, formal or informal and often reflect the context in which they would be found.

29
Q

Colours

A

Different colours connote different moods and feelings, for example red suggests violence and blue suggests calm and serenity.

30
Q

Images

A

Photos, graphs and diagrams provide additional information to the written text and also grab the reader’s attention.

31
Q

Long ‘s’

A

Loss of the ſ - it was initially at the beginning of a word and then to the middle but the short s was used at the end of the word. It was left over from Old English and continued into Late Modern English.

32
Q

Why was the long ‘s’ removed?

A

Printing practices as Francoise Ambroise Didot in Paris, who in 1781, initiated the cutting of the letters known as the ‘modern face’. The ſ could have been confused with the grapheme ‘f’. The examples were followed from printers’ influences. One of the influences was John Bell who was given credit for the removal of the long s.

33
Q

Commas and fullstops

A

Commas are used more often to link extended clauses and full stops were replaced by commas.

34
Q

Coinage

A

Creation of new words

English A2 (5 decks)

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