Language and Thought Extras

Question 1

What did Kircher and Fox (2019) find?

Answer 1

Lower rates of conformity to SLI in MLE speakers and choosing to affiliate themselves MLE even though they are aware of its negative associations and connotations. More awareness of the variability of MLE speakers.

Question 2

What is the Standard Language Ideology?

Answer 2

• basis of the writing system
• used in institutions such as education, government, law
• used in broadcasts and media
• associated with people in power

Question 3

What research is there into the gay /s/?

Answer 3

Mack and Munson, 2012 -> /s/-fronting associated with gay male identity
Saigusa, 2016 -> /s/-backing/lowering used differentially by Jane Lynch to associate herself with other lesbian women

Question 4

What vowel sounds were studied in the Martha’s Vineyard study?

Answer 4

/ai/ and /au/

Question 5

What did Jones (2018) study and find?

Answer 5

Discourse analysis of gay teens in North of England
Found that they wanted to identify themselves outside of their sexuality
Had different issues based on gender e.g. hypersexualisation vs queer gay flaunting
Did not feel able to identify with their community as their friends didn’t support or understand

Question 6

When was Eckert’s study of burnouts and jocks?

Answer 6

1989

Question 7

What did Eckert find in her Jocks and Burnouts study?

Answer 7

Female jocks used more conservative (standard variants) whereas female burnouts used more variants associated with Detroit changes (local prestige)

Question 8

What is Labov’s gender paradox?

Answer 8

woman are more conservative in regards to variation above the level of consciousness, but are more innovative in terms of variation below the level of consciousness

Question 9

What did Calder and King (2020) find?

Answer 9

there was no gender difference in speech of black people when they were in the minority, but black women showed more /s/-fronting in a community with a larger AA population

Question 10

Who says that Standard Language is an abstraction?

Answer 10

Leslie Milroy and Lippi-Green

Question 11

Why can standard language be seen as an abstraction?

Answer 11

Because it isn’t based on the speech on any one person and even if it was it would be subject to change as that group of people changed
It is based on an accent which means that it has to be bound to one location and even people in power deviate from it sometimes
people can’t consistently decide what it is
prioritises writing not speaking
Fromkin and Rodman - American English

Question 12

Who found that English speakers found some accents to be non-standard regardless of their morphosyntactic feartures?

Answer 12

Sharma et al (2022)

Question 13

Who found that even middle and upper classes use non-standard forms, they just use them less and in specific contexts?

Answer 13

Macaulay, 1977

Question 14

Which study was Labov’s study about black kids?

Answer 14

Language in the Inner City, 1972

Question 15

Which is the department store study?

Answer 15

Labov, 1966

Question 16

What was Wolfram’s view of research responsibility?

Answer 16

1. error correction
2. debt incurred
3. linguistic responsilibity

Question 17

Which linguists spoke about the importance of giving back to the community in research?

Answer 17

Horesh and Cotter, 2016

Question 18

What is the difference between the different waves of variationist linguistics?

Answer 18

1st wave - large demographic categories, seeing language as a consequence of these categories
2nd wave - looking at smaller, subcategorical groupings, still not looking at agency in language
3rd wave - looking at language as identity-construction

Question 19

Who looked at the use of the phrase “cheeky nandos”?

Answer 19

Bailey and Durham (2020)

Question 20

What is Eckert’s definition of style?

Answer 20

a clustering of linguistic resources and an association of that clustering with social meaning

Question 21

What did Bell find in his radio station study (1982)?

Answer 21

radio station hosts decreased the number of intervocalic /t/ that they used when the listeners were of higher status

Question 22

What did Bell (2001) find?

Answer 22

The discourse particle ‘eh’ was used to demonstrate identity, higher use was correlated with more positive views of the Maori community, same with using 0morph plurals

Question 23

What did Labov find in his story of the Lower East Side?

Answer 23

Stratification of /r/ across class groups

Question 24

What was Eckert’s definition of style?

Answer 24

a clustering of linguistic resources and an association of that clustering with social meaning

Question 25

What variable was Trudgill studying in the 1972 study?

Answer 25

g-dropping –> [in] vs [in/]

Question 26

What gendered difference did Trudgill (1972) find?

Answer 26

women used more standard variants than men and overreported how much they used standard variants, whereas men used them less and underreported how much they used them

Question 27

What did Trudgill (1972) find?

Answer 27

class was biggest determiner in how much people used standard and NSVs but within this, women always had higher rates of use as they are more socially aspirational

Question 28

What was Schilling-Estes (1998) finding?

Answer 28

interviewee using hyper-dialect to point out the artificiality of the sociolinguistic interview

Question 29

Which did variables Eckert (1989) study?

Answer 29

fronting of low vowels
backing and lowering of mid vowels

Question 30

What is the name of the vowel change that was happening in Eckert’s study?

Answer 30

The Northern Cities Chain Shift

Question 31

Name 4 of Lakoff’s assertions about women’s speak?

Answer 31

hedges (sort of)
fillers (well, you know)
tag questions (isn’t it?)
rising intonation in non-question sentences
“empty” adjectives
precise colour terms (chartreuse)
intensifiers
increased use of standard language forms
super-polite forms
avoidance of strong swear words
avoidance of interruptions

Question 32

What did Eckert’s study find?

Answer 32

the newer variables, which were more associated with the urban centre and counteradult norms, Burnouts show higher rates

Question 33

Who argued that women use language to express status because they have less real power?

Answer 33

Martin (1954)