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Childhood Studies > Language and literacy glossary > Flashcards

Language and literacy glossary Flashcards

1
Q

Accent

A

Pronunciation - the sound qualities of the language as it is spoken by an individual or a group. Regional, social class and education varieties, eg Received Pronunciation (RP)

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2
Q

Alphabetic languages

A

Letters correspond to sounds, which are combined to signify words

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3
Q

Argot

A

Slang as a criminal language

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4
Q

Behaviourism

A

The belief that all behaviours are learnt, even such a complex and sophisticated behaviour as a language

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5
Q

Bilingual

A

Includes varying degrees of fluency and/or literacy in two languages.

  • Simultaneous bilingualism
  • Early sequential bilingualism – both learnt in childhood, but still in sequence
  • Late sequential bilingualism – second language (L2) learnt in adolescence or later
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6
Q

Cognitive

A

Emphasises the crucial role of general intellectual abilities in all learning and language acquisitions as a part of cognitive development

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7
Q

Dialect

A

A variety of a language, including distinct vocabulary and syntax, eg Standard English (SE). A dialect can be spoken with a range of accents

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8
Q

Decoding

A

Breaking words into their sound constituents. Used to describe the process of understanding the ‘code’ of alphabetic languages

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9
Q

Emergent literacy

A

‘The reading and writing behaviours that precede and develop into conventional literacy’ - Sulzby 1989

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10
Q

Grammar

A

The rules governing languages and the study of such rules

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11
Q

Grapheme

A

The smallest units in writing or text, eg ‘b’ ‘B’ ‘f’ ‘F’.
The letter or combination of letters that represent a phoneme.
‘ghost’ = ‘gh’ ‘o’ ‘s’ t’

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12
Q

Idiolect

A

An individual’s unique linguistic style

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13
Q

Idiom

A

Phrases and sayings whose meaning is not contained in the literal meaning, but in their common use or cultural meaning (eg ‘it’s raining cats and dogs’)

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14
Q

Lexicon

A

A ‘store’ of words (lexis = vocabulary)

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15
Q

Linguistics

A

A study of the science of language

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16
Q

Linguistic determinism

A

The claim that an individual’s thinking and world view is moulded by the language of their specific speech community

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17
Q

Literacy

A

The ability to read and write a language or languages

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18
Q

Logographic scripts

A

Written language that uses glyphs or pictures to represent words or meaningful parts of words (not phonemes, but morphemes or syllables)

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19
Q

Morpheme

A

The smallest unit of meaning in a language.
- ‘ed’ conveys past tense, ‘s’ plural
They may be pronounced in different ways, but their meaning remains the same.

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20
Q

Nativist

A

The belief that humans are programmed to learn language due to innate and universal features of the mind.

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21
Q

Nonwords

A

Made up words which have no meaning but obey the rules of pronunciation of a naturally occurring language (eg ‘wug’)

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22
Q

Onset

A

The initial sound in a word, eg ‘spr’ in ‘spray’. May be longer than the initial phoneme.

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23
Q

Orthography

A

The use of letters and rules of spelling in a language

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24
Q

Phonology

A

The study of the organising and patterning of sounds in languages

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25
Q

Phonetics

A

The study of the production of sound by the vocal system

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26
Q

Phoneme

A

The smallest unit of sound in a language

- eg ‘ee’ in ‘bee’, ‘ea’ in ‘beat’, ‘e’ in ‘evil’

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27
Q

Phonics

A

A method for teaching reading that trains beginners to recognise the sound values of letters, focussing on phoneme - grapheme relationships

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28
Q

Pictographic script

A

Written language which uses glyphs or pictures to represent whole words

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29
Q

Pre-reading

A

Skills and knowledge about books and reading prior to any learning or teaching of reading itself, eg direction of print

30
Q

Print awareness

A

Awareness of the role of print as symbols representing spoken language, and recognition of print where it occurs, eg road signs

31
Q

Psycholinguistics

A

The study of the role of language in thinking and learning

32
Q

Received Pronunciation (RP)

A

A prestigious British accent associated with power, university education (often Oxbridge), the BBC and private school education

33
Q

Register

A

The many appropriate styles of language we use for different social settings and occasions

34
Q

Representation

A

A major form of thinking that uses actions, pictures, words and so on to stand for ideas and experiences

35
Q

Rhyme vs rime

A

Rhyme - where terminal sounds of words coincide

Rime - the end section of a word (spelling pattern) eg ‘ay’ in ‘spray’. Words that rime will rhyme.

36
Q

Schemas

A

Patterns of behaviour into which experiences are assimilated and co-ordinated - ways of thinking and learning.

37
Q

Semantics

A

The study of meaning in language

38
Q

Sight reading

A

Reading using the picture created by the whole world, rather than by decoding the written word

39
Q

Slang

A

An extremely informal style of language using a distinctive range of vocabulary particular to the ‘in crowd’

40
Q

Social interactionist

A

Emphasising the social purposes for language and the impetus it gives the child to learn language to get things done and participate in a social group

41
Q

Sociolinguistics

A

The study of language as it is used and modified in different social contexts

42
Q

Standard English (SE)

A

This is the ‘norm’ or standard dialect for communicating in English in public, educational, professional and commercial settings. Varieties of SE in Britain and other English-speaking societies.

43
Q

Storying

A

The activity of creating narratives

44
Q

Syntax

A

The organisation of words into meaningful combinations and the small changes made to words to indicate eg plurals and tenses
(type of grammar)

45
Q

Syllable

A

A unit of language that refers to part of the word, usually containing a vowel with at least one consonant before, after or both

46
Q

Vernacular

A

The native language of a people or country
As opposed to ‘lingua franca’, which is the language spoken by common consent to communicate where native languages differ. English is often the ‘lingua franca’.

47
Q

Vocabulary

A

The set of all words known or understood by a person

48
Q

Paralinguistics

A

The great variety of phonetic features available to a speaker, eg intonation, speed, tone, accents. Including noises ‘mm’, ‘uhu’ to aid conversation

49
Q

Kinesics

A

Body language

50
Q

Pidgin

A

No one’s native language. It has limited vocabulary, reduced rules of grammar, a narrow range of functions and is often temporary or short-lived.

51
Q

Creole

A

Developed from a pidgin to become the mother tongue of a community. Expanded vocabulary, complex rules of grammar and satisfies an increasing range of functions

52
Q

Language mixing

A

Combining of words and phrases from both languages, in children still learning to separate the two languages
- eg adding an English suffix to a German root

53
Q

Code switching

A

Normal among more fluent bilinguals, the deliberate word/sentence/phrase switch. Due to distraction, tiredness, lack of word/concept in original language, means of emphasis, deliberate exclusion of other or an association with activities to one language only.
Tendency of bilinguals speaking to bilinguals to switch language, often for more appropriate words or phrases

54
Q

Prosody

A

Properties of syllables and larger units of speech. Linguistic functions including intonation, tone, stress and rhythm. Can reflect emotional state, statement/question/command, emphasis, sarcasm etc - that which cannot be conveyed in grammar or vocabulary

55
Q

Reduplicated babble

A

Repeating consonant vowel sounds

- eg gagagaga

56
Q

Non-reduplicated / variegated babble

A

Strings of non-repeating syllables

- eg bambido

57
Q

Allophones

A

Phonemes pronounced differently depending on context and position in word, variants
/t/ in nitrate vs night rate

58
Q

Bootstrapping

A

Using the information/words known to leverage the learning of other new words

  • lexical constraints, eg mutual exclusivity
  • social constraints, using information of environment
  • linguistic constraints - that’s a zav/ that’s Zav/ he’s going to zav
59
Q

Vowels

A

Airflow above the glottis not constricted

60
Q

Consonants

A

Airflow above the glottis is constricted in different parts of the oral cavity
- place and manner of articulation changes

61
Q

Beginning, vowel, end of syllable

A

Syllable onset, syllable nucleus, syllable coda

62
Q

Communication

A

Any system used to send and receive messages, including spoken word, written word, symbols, signs, non verbal communication (e.g. crying)

63
Q

Social communication

A

Communication system used effectively in social situations and interactions, involving at least two people

64
Q

Specific language impairment

A

Deficient language development in a child for no obvious reason, with normal development in all other areas.
Diagnostic criteria:
- Language significantly below the level expected for age and IQ
- Normal nonverbal IQ and nonlinguistic aspects of development
- Language difficulties not accounted for by hearing loss, physical abnormality of speech apparatus, brain damage or environmental deprivation

65
Q

Holophrase

A

One word referring to an entire thought/activity

- eg ‘gone’ = peekaboo game

66
Q

Proto-imperatives

A

Early demands (I want this)

67
Q

Proto-declaratives

A

Early demonstrations, calling attention to (look at this)

68
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

In early speech, the removal of small words that don’t change meaning
- eg ‘mummy go work’

69
Q

Pseudohomophones

A

Pronouncable nonwords that sound like real words when pronounced
- eg ‘brane’ is a nonword, but sounds like ‘brain’ when spoken

70
Q

Homographs

A

Words spelled the same but with different pronunciations and different meanings
- eg bow, row, tear

Childhood Studies (6 decks)

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