Language and Literacy Development

Question 1

Jordan, a child in a preschool class, draws a picture of a dog and then adds a number of letter-like forms all around the picture. Jordan shows the picture to the teacher and says, “I writed what it says, it is my dog Harry.” Which of the following teacher responses would be most supportive of Jordan’s use of visual and written language to communicate to others?

a. “What a great picture Jordan! You drew your dog and then wrote lots of letters. Can you tell me the names of some of your letters?”
b. “Jordan, did you know that ‘Harry’ starts with the letter H? Would it be okay if we added an H to the letters on your picture?”
c. “I like your picture, Jordan. It’s great that you added letters to tell about your dog. Did you know that the letters d-o-g spell the word dog?”
d. “Jordan, may I put your picture up on the wall? Then, if you like, you could show it to your classmates and tell them what you wrote?”

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Between what ages have children acquired vocabularies between 900 and 1,00 words; correctly use the pronouns “I,” “me,” and “you”; apply past tenses to some verbs and plurals to some nouns; use at least three prepositions such as in, on, and under; and use 3-word sentences with ease.

a. 3-year olds
b. 2-year olds
c. 18-month olds
d. 5-year olds

Answer 2

A

Question 3

True or False: 3-year olds are able to tell others their name, age, and sex.

Answer 3

T

Question 4

All of the following are described in the three periods of communication within the first 5 years except for:

a. crying and gazing
b. coordinate attention visually with other people relative to things and events
c. carry on conversations, exercise self-control through language use
d. school performance in a play

Answer 4

D

Question 5

True or False: A developing fetus can hear the mother’s voice, others’ voices, and other sounds from outside the womb.

Answer 5

T

Question 6

All of the following are some milestones of normal language development in children occur at what age?

• 150 to 300 words
• name various familiar objects in environment
• use two prepositions in their speech (in, on and/or under)
• combine words in short sentences (“Daddy work,” “Watch this,” “Go out,” “Come in”)
• use pronouns: I, me, you
• respond to some commands, directions, or questions

a. 1-years-old
b. 2-years-old
c. 3-years-old
d. None of the above

Answer 6

B

Question 7

True or False:

Babies respond to hearing their names by 6 months of age, turn their heads and eyes toward the sources of human voices they hear, and respond accordingly to friendly and angry tones of voice.

Answer 7

T

Question 8

True or False:

By 12 months, toddlers can understand and follow simple directions, when accompanied by physical and/or vocal cues. Intentionally use one or more words with correct meaning.

Answer 8

T

Question 9

True or False:

By 18 months, acquired a vocabulary of 5 to 20 words, use nouns in their speech most of the time, repeat certain words and/or phrases over and over, and follow simple verbal commands without any visual or auditory cues.

Answer 9

T

Question 10

True or False:

By 5 years of age, children can understand common antonyms, repeat longer sentences they hear, can follow 3 consecutive uninterrupted commands, learned simple concepts of time, speak in relatively long sentences and normally be incorporating some compound sentences and complex sentences.

Answer 10

T

Question 11

True or False: By 4 years of age, children most know the names of animals familiar to them; can use at least four prepositions in their speech (in, on, under, from, to, etc); name familiar objects in pictures, and can identify one color or more; able to repeat 4-syllable words they hear; verbalize as engage in activities; understand comparative concepts like bigger and smaller; comply with simple commands without target stimuli being in their sight; repeat sounds, syllables, words and phrases.

Answer 11

T

Question 12

An early childhood teacher has many students whose home language is not English. To ensure effective communication with families, which of the following is the best approach to undertake?

a. provide direct contact to discuss issues
b. sending out a monthly multilingual email
c. giving resources for translating information
d. giving the school’s website

Answer 12

B

Question 13

More than 70% of a first-grade class scored at high-risk on the oral reading fluency assessment. Which instructional practice would be most effective for improving the students’ oral reading fluency?

a. daily independent reading in the afternoon
b. peer reading on familiar text
c. vocabulary development on unfamiliar words
d. constantly reading text with corrective feedback

Answer 13

D

Question 14

Based on research, by the age of 3, the average child develops a spoken vocabulary of between approximately

a. 50 - 250 words
b. 300 - 1000 words
c. 1000 - 5000 words
d. 5000 - 10000 words

Answer 14

B

Question 15

A second-grade student is very shy and is not engaging with other students. The teacher notices that this child is less popular, does not participate in group discussion, and does not always understand directions. Which factor has most likely influenced this child’s development?

a. the child’s parents are both working
b. the child’s first language is not English
c. the child lives in a poor neighborhood
d. the child’s parents are separated

Answer 15

B

Question 16

For infants, at about what age does stranger anxiety begin to decrease gradually?

a. 6 months
b. 8 months
c. 12 months
d. 15 months

Answer 16

D

Question 17

When characterizing young children, what did Vygotsky mean by the term “private speech” that he coined?

a. Speaking in private dialogue with another child

b. Speaking in private conversations with an adult

c. Speaking silently to themselves in their minds

d. Speaking aloud to themselves during activities

Answer 17

D

Question 18

In oral language skills in infants, all of the following are considered to be general character except for:

a. attend to adult speech
b. begin to communicate needs by gestures
c. communicate through speech sounds
d. give opinions on likes and dislikes

Answer 18

D

Question 19

In oral language skills in toddlers, all of the following are considered to be general characters except for:

a. express emotions
b. express ideas and solicit information
c. “make believe” stories
d. ask questions

Answer 19

C

Question 20

When characterizing young children, what did Vygotsky mean by the term “private speech” that he coined?

a. Speaking in private dialogue with another child

b. Speaking in private conversations with an adult

c. Speaking silently to themselves in their minds

d. Speaking aloud to themselves during activities

Answer 20

D

Question 21

According to ECE experts, what is true about various teacher strategies to enhance communication between themselves and parents?

a. Parents find it pretentious for teachers to attach business cards to letters they send

b. Parents feel pressured when teachers send them invitations to school Open Houses

c. Parents will expect communication more if the teacher publishes a class newsletter

d. Parents who get children’s appreciation letters will not benefit, thoughchildren will.

Answer 21

C

Question 22

According to many experts, how much of a child’s speech should his/her parents understand by the time the child is a given age?

a. Parents should be able to understand half of their child’s speech by the time s/he is 18 months
b. Parents should be able to understand half of their child’s speech by the time s/he is 3 years old
c. Parents should be able to understand everything their child says by the time s/he is 2 years old
d. Parents should be able to understand nearly all a child’s speech by the time s/he is 3 years old.

Answer 22

D

Question 23

Which behavior indicates a child has attained understanding of symbolic representation?

a. Seeking unseen things
b. Playing “make-believe”
c. Enjoying “Peek-a-boo”
d. Addition using pennies

Answer 23

B

Question 24

Visual literacy can best be described as which of the following?

a. The ability to communicate through images and comprehend the messages contained in images
b. The ability to construct three-dimensional images
c. The incorporation of literacy text into works of art
d. The incorporation of art into literacy texts

Answer 24

A

Question 25

Which of the following typically develops in young children at the latest ages?

a. Responding to stories by requesting frequent repetitions
b. Responding to commands including two actions or stages
c. Responding to simple “who”/”what”/”where” questions
d. Responding to simple questions about stories they heard

Answer 25

D

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT true about the whole language approach to literacy instruction?

a. The whole language approach is effective for children with language processing disorders.
b. The whole language approach is effective for supporting constructivist learning of literacy.
c. The whole language approach is effective for integrating literacy across content domains.
d. The whole language approach is effective for emphasizing cultural diversity in instruction.

Answer 26

A

Question 27

Which of these most accurately represents a characteristic of the Language Experience Approach (LEA) to literacy instruction?

a. Children get to interact with published text in books.
b. Children get to use their own experiences and words.
c. Children get to write down the stories they compose.
d. Children get to read text in books aloud to a teacher.

Answer 27

B