language and gender theorists Flashcards
Orton (difference) - 2 things
Males speak dialects frequently and truly
Females speak indirect and implicitly
Christine Howe (difference) - 3 things
Men have strategies for gaining power and are more likely to respond to what is being said
Women are active listeners and backchannel.
Difference starts at ages 3-4 (socialisation)
Ann Weatherhall (difference) - 3 things
Women’s talk is cooperative and men’s talk is competitive
Women hedge, speak less and use tag questions.
Men interrupt
Pilkington (difference) - 3 things
Research in a bakery over 9 months
Women talk to affirm solidarity and maintain social relationships.
Men find long pauses acceptable and are competitive to the point of verbal abuse
Tannen (difference) - 3 things
Difference starts in childhood- parents use more words about feeling to girls and more verbs to boys
Came up with 6 differences e.g. Status vs Support, Advice vs Understanding, Orders vs Proposals
Males and females belong to different sub-cultures
Tannen Critique - Janet Holmes - 1 thing
Gender is not a culture, there are other intersectionalities to consider
Ekert and McConnell (diversity) - 1 thing
Built on Lave and Wengers idea of Communities of Practice
Gender may inform which CoPs we become members of
Butler (diversity) - 4 things
Language and gender is a fluid performance
We learn by copying those we think we are similar to.
We walk, talk and do things to consolidate gender
Gender is a phenomenon that society polices
Bing and Bergvall (diversity) - 2 things
Every time differences are acknowledged, gender polarisation is reinforced
Diversity>Dichotomy
Deborah Cameron (diversity) - 3 things
Difference approach is widespread, but false
People look for differences not similarities
To be successful in verbal hygiene, women need to re-invent language to fit into social norms e.g. “girl boss”- marked term
O’Barr and Atkins (diversity) - 2 things
Courtroom assessment over 30 months
Because women were in a generally powerless position in society, powerless language became associated with them
O’Barr and Atkins Support - Karen O’Leary - 1 thing
Found the speakers role in the interaction was a better predictor of tag questions than their gender
Jespersen (deficit) - 3 things
Women link sentences with “and” because they are emotional rather than grammatical
Women have a smaller vocab, so are more fluent.
Women use adverbs and adjectives e.g. “nice” too much
Jespersen Critique - 1 thing
Used observations so may be less accurate evidence
Trudgill (deficit) - 2 things
“ing” suffix
Women use the standard form more to gain overt prestige
