language and ethnicity/ global englishes theorists

Question 1

Awar

Answer 1

He was Punjabi
1. Used Indian variants speaking to his Sri Lankan maid
2. Used a mix of Indian and British variants speaking to a British Asian friend
3. Used English variants speaking to a cockney mechanic
Shows code-switching

Question 2

Rob Drummond

Answer 2

Polish people planning to return to Poland= ‘ink’
Polish people planning on staying in Manchester= ‘ing’ or ‘in’
Use pronunciation to signal allegiance or solidarity with their ethnicity

Question 3

David Crystal (Lingua Franca)

Answer 3

Defines a world language as one which achieves global status through its special role in a particular country
Part of the reason for English’s popularity is its role as a lingua franca

Question 4

Jenifer Jenkins

Answer 4

English= lingua franca core
Identifies specific pronunciation features when teaching English as a lingua franca
Argued these features are so the speaker can sound ‘intelligible’- communicative competence

Question 5

What is a Pidgin, and an example?

Answer 5

Evolve from elements of different language, tending to contain basic grammar and a limited vocablary
E.g. Thai Pidgin English

Question 6

What is a Creole, and and an example?

Answer 6

Evolve from contact between a European language and a local language, containing more sophisticated grammar and vocablary
E.g. Jamaican Patois

Question 7

Einar Haugen

Answer 7

Code-switching- people’s ability to move between different languages, dialects or accents

Question 8

Strevens

Answer 8

World Map of English
Reflects how English is taught: demonstrates the interconnectedness of English, however American and British English are the two main branches suggesting all varieties derive from these

Question 9

David Crystal (Tri- English World)

Answer 9

To underline the need for different styles of World Englishes, even in the same country, he argues a Tri-English World will appear:
1. A home dialect
2. A national standard dialect
3. An international standard dialect

Question 10

Braj Kachru

Answer 10

3 Circle Model of World Englishes
Inner circle: L1 varieties of English e.g. USA
Outer circle: L2 varieties e.g. India
Expanding circle: where English is learnt as an additional language e.g. China

Question 11

How do people criticise Kachru’s model?

Answer 11

Reductive nature, there are emerging varieties that are varieties in their own right e.g. Singlish and Hinglish

Question 12

McArthur

Answer 12

Circle of World English
World Standard English at the centre with broader varieties extending out

Question 13

How is McArthur’s model criticised?

Answer 13

How can such a standard exist when there are such broad differences in varieties
Depicts a hierarchy

Question 14

Barbara Seidlhofer

Answer 14

Certain sounds are particularly English e.g ‘th’ sound in ‘thing’ and ‘this’
Non-native speakers find this sound hard to pronounce and can be replaced by /f/, /v/, /s/ etc.
Pluralisation of mass nouns e.g. Coffee is more common in Asian English speakers

Question 15

David Graddol

Answer 15

English will need to evolve into a newer global form which meets changing needs of society
Could lead to formation of new, localised lingua francas based on English

Question 16

Nicholas Ostler

Answer 16

English will be the last lingua franca
It will go the way of empires of the past- growing in dominance until eventually it falls
Technological advances will mean anyone can speak any language, so we will use our native tongue