language and ethnicity/ global englishes theorists Flashcards
Awar
He was Punjabi
1. Used Indian variants speaking to his Sri Lankan maid
2. Used a mix of Indian and British variants speaking to a British Asian friend
3. Used English variants speaking to a cockney mechanic
Shows code-switching
Rob Drummond
Polish people planning to return to Poland= ‘ink’
Polish people planning on staying in Manchester= ‘ing’ or ‘in’
Use pronunciation to signal allegiance or solidarity with their ethnicity
David Crystal (Lingua Franca)
Defines a world language as one which achieves global status through its special role in a particular country
Part of the reason for English’s popularity is its role as a lingua franca
Jenifer Jenkins
English= lingua franca core
Identifies specific pronunciation features when teaching English as a lingua franca
Argued these features are so the speaker can sound ‘intelligible’- communicative competence
What is a Pidgin, and an example?
Evolve from elements of different language, tending to contain basic grammar and a limited vocablary
E.g. Thai Pidgin English
What is a Creole, and and an example?
Evolve from contact between a European language and a local language, containing more sophisticated grammar and vocablary
E.g. Jamaican Patois
Einar Haugen
Code-switching- people’s ability to move between different languages, dialects or accents
Strevens
World Map of English
Reflects how English is taught: demonstrates the interconnectedness of English, however American and British English are the two main branches suggesting all varieties derive from these
David Crystal (Tri- English World)
To underline the need for different styles of World Englishes, even in the same country, he argues a Tri-English World will appear:
1. A home dialect
2. A national standard dialect
3. An international standard dialect
Braj Kachru
3 Circle Model of World Englishes
Inner circle: L1 varieties of English e.g. USA
Outer circle: L2 varieties e.g. India
Expanding circle: where English is learnt as an additional language e.g. China
How do people criticise Kachru’s model?
Reductive nature, there are emerging varieties that are varieties in their own right e.g. Singlish and Hinglish
McArthur
Circle of World English
World Standard English at the centre with broader varieties extending out
How is McArthur’s model criticised?
How can such a standard exist when there are such broad differences in varieties
Depicts a hierarchy
Barbara Seidlhofer
Certain sounds are particularly English e.g ‘th’ sound in ‘thing’ and ‘this’
Non-native speakers find this sound hard to pronounce and can be replaced by /f/, /v/, /s/ etc.
Pluralisation of mass nouns e.g. Coffee is more common in Asian English speakers
David Graddol
English will need to evolve into a newer global form which meets changing needs of society
Could lead to formation of new, localised lingua francas based on English
Nicholas Ostler
English will be the last lingua franca
It will go the way of empires of the past- growing in dominance until eventually it falls
Technological advances will mean anyone can speak any language, so we will use our native tongue
Devyani Sharma
Looked at the ‘t’ sound in Punjabi speaking West Londoners
Indians placed tongue further back when pronouncing ‘t’ and pronounced the vowel in words such as ‘cake’ as a monothong, rather than a dipthong
Janet Holmes
Speakers don’t need to be proficient speakers of the second language to still use particular words and phrases that signal and reaffirm their ethnic background
Convergence- to show connection, sound more like the person (opposite is divergence)
Kara Becker
Critiques ethnolect- believes there are a variety of reasons for dialect, not just ethnicity
We prioritise ethnicity when describing/ explaining linguistic differences
An ethnolinguistic repertoire approach would look at how particular linguistic features are used or not used to signal ethnic identity
Stress-timed/ syllable-timed languages
Stress-timed: give words different stresses when spoken e.g. English
Syllable-timed: give each syllable a similar emphasis e.g. Spanish, French and Cantonese
Speakers of syllable-timed language may struggle to pronounce unstressed sounds in English
Rhotic and Non-Rhotic accents
Rhotic accents: the /r/ consonant sound is always pronounced e.g. American English, Irish English and Asian English
Non-Rhotic accents: the /r/ consonant is not pronounced when it follows another vowel and is followed by a consonant or is at the end of a word e.g. British English, African English and Australian English
