Language Flashcards
Language
System of communication through speech
A collection of sounds they a group of people understand to have the same meaning
English is important in
Essential for career advancement and economic success
Literary tradition
System of written communication
Official language
Language used by government in laws, reports, public objects
Language is like luggage
People carry it with them and they add words to it when they get to different places
Two languages speak the same language because
Migration from one location to another
If they have few connections, eventually they will be classified as different languages
English is the first language of
First language of 328 mil people
Fluently by .5-1 billion people
Official language I 57 countries
1/3 of the world live in an English speaking country even though they don’t know how to speak it
Contemporary distribution of English
British Colonies spoke English
1 west England to US
2 England defeated French in USA
3 Britain took control of Ireland, South Asia, Southern Africa
4 US diffused English to the phill opines and other places and Spain
English fromEngland
Migration from English
English in England
Tribes of Celts speaking Celtic invaded.
The tribes from mainland England invaded and pushed them into northern western Britain
Cornwall highlands it Scotland’s and wales
German invasion
Norman invasion
Vikings from norways
German invasion
Angles Jutes Saxons
All Germanic tribes
Jutes from
North Denmark
The southeast
Kentish brought
Angles from
Southern demark
The north
Northumbrian
Saxons from
Northwestern Germany
South and west
West Saxon
Anglo Saxons
English who trace their heritage back to England after the 2 larger tribes
England name comes from
Angle’s land
It used to be spelled engles
And the language was called englisc
Norman invasion
What language
English was conquered by Normans in 1066
The leaders spoke French bu rest of the commoners spoke English
England lost control over Normandy in1204 and starts a long conflict with France so fewer people in England wants to speak French
Simple words like horse come from Germanic roots and fancy words like feminine come from French imvaders
Dialect
Regional variation of a
A language
Distinctive vocabulary, spelling, pronunciations
Speaker of one dialect should be able to understand another
Dialects reflect on environment
They reflect distinctive features of the environment in which groups live.
Isogloss
A word usage boundary
Every word that is not used nationally has some goegraphic extent in the country and has boundaries,
How determine isogloss
Natives of rural area are shown pictures to identify and sentences to complete with a word
How dialects develop
Speakers of a language migrate to other locations
Standard language
Dialect that is well established and widely recognized as the most acceptable for government, business, education, and mass communication.
Standard language form of British speech
BRP
British Received Pronunciation
Dialect vs. accent
Dialect of the region
Sound of the region
That region has a dialect
Accent of an individual
Individual sound
He has an accent
Southern UK pronunciation
Grass, path… Ah sound
Northerners midlands pronunciation
Butter, Sunday
Oo sound
American English originates from
Colonists from England
Why English American sound different to England English
Isolation
What is different between US. And England English?
Vocabulary
Spelling
Vocabulary differences in US and England
They encountered many different objects and experiences
Moose, raccoon, chipmunk, large forests and mountains,
Indians: squash, canoe, moccasin
New inventions: elevator/lift, flashlight/torch
Spelling differences in US and England
Strong national feelings in US
Noah Webster was determined to develop anew dialect in the US: colour/ color honour/ honor
Noah Webster
First aMerican dictionary
Major differences in US dialects why
Different dialects of the original settlers
Original settlements of colonization
New England
Southeastern
Middle Atlantic
New England American settlement
Almost all settlers were from England
Mostly puritans
Only a few came from north of England
Puritans of America settlement
How many and where from
2/3 of New England colonies
From east anglia In southeastern England
South eastern settlers in USA
How many?
About half of the settlers came from southeast England
Resents a diversity of social class backgrounds: deported prisoners, indentured servants, political and religious refugees
Middle Atlantic USA settlers
Settlers of
What ethnicity
Diversity
Middle Atlantic immigrants were more diverse
Pennsylvania settlers = Quakers from north England
Scots and Irish went to Pennsylvania and New Jersey and Delaware
Middle Atlantic colonies attracted German Dutch and Swedish immigrants.
Middle Atlantic colonies attracted
German Dutch Swedish
Scots and Irish went to
Pennsylvania, New Jersey Delaware
Pennsylvania settlers ethnicity
Quakers
Isoglosses in the USA
two separate the northern, midlands an southern dialect regions
Language differences more. Rural or urban
Rural since they are more isolated
Language family
Collection of languages that have a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history
