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OCR GCSE Geography A > Landscapes of the UK > Flashcards

Landscapes of the UK Flashcards

1
Q

Where are upland areas found in the UK?

A

In the north and west, including Scottish Highlands, Lake District, Pennines, Cambrian Mountains (Wales), Dartmoor and Exmoor.

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2
Q

Where are lowland areas found in the UK?

A

In central, southern and eastern England, including the Midlands, East Anglia, the Fens, and the London and Hampshire Basins.

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3
Q

Where are glaciated landscapes found in the UK?

A

In highland areas covered by ice during the last ice age: most of Scotland, Lake District, Snowdonia, and parts of the Pennines.

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4
Q

What relief features are typical of upland landscapes?

A

Mountains, hills, steep slopes, and high relief.

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5
Q

What soil and geology features are typical of upland landscapes?

A

Thin soils, exposed bedrock, and resistant geology (often igneous or metamorphic rocks).

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6
Q

What climate features are typical of upland landscapes?

A

High rainfall and cooler temperatures.

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7
Q

What vegetation is typical of upland landscapes?

A

Moorland or heath vegetation.

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8
Q

What land uses are typical of upland landscapes?

A

Sheep farming, forestry, water collection, tourism and recreation.

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9
Q

What settlement pattern is typical of upland landscapes?

A

Low population density.

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10
Q

What relief features are typical of lowland landscapes?

A

Low relief and gentle slopes.

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11
Q

What soil and geology features are typical of lowland landscapes?

A

Deeper, more fertile soils and sedimentary geology.

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12
Q

What climate features are typical of lowland landscapes?

A

Lower rainfall and warmer temperatures.

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13
Q

What vegetation is typical of lowland landscapes?

A

Mixed woodland and agricultural vegetation.

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14
Q

What land uses are typical of lowland landscapes?

A

Intensive land uses including arable farming, urbanization, and industrial development.

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15
Q

What settlement pattern is typical of lowland landscapes?

A

Higher population density.

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16
Q

What erosional landforms are found in glaciated landscapes?

A

U-shaped valleys, corries (cirques), arêtes, and pyramidal peaks.

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17
Q

What depositional landforms are found in glaciated landscapes?

A

Erratics, drumlins, and moraines.

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18
Q

What soil and geology features are typical of glaciated landscapes?

A

Thin soils, exposed bedrock, and resistant geology shaped by ice.

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19
Q

What hydrological features are typical of glaciated landscapes?

A

Numerous lakes.

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20
Q

What land uses are typical of glaciated landscapes?

A

Tourism, hydroelectric power, and extensive grazing.

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21
Q

What is freeze-thaw weathering?

A

Water enters cracks, freezes, expands and breaks rock apart.

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22
Q

What is thermal expansion weathering?

A

Rocks expand and contract with temperature changes causing them to fracture.

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23
Q

What is pressure release weathering?

A

Rocks expand when overlying pressure is removed through erosion, causing outer layers to peel off.

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24
Q

What is carbonation weathering?

A

Carbon dioxide in rainwater forms carbonic acid which reacts with rocks containing calcium carbonate.

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25
What is oxidation weathering?
Oxygen reacts with minerals containing iron, causing them to rust and weaken.
26
What is hydrolysis weathering?
Water molecules react with minerals in rock, breaking them down into clay minerals.
27
What is solution weathering?
Water dissolves soluble minerals and removes them.
28
How do plants contribute to biological weathering?
Plant roots grow in cracks and widen them.
29
How do animals contribute to biological weathering?
Burrowing animals disturb and mix rock material.
30
How do microorganisms contribute to biological weathering?
Lichens and bacteria release acids that chemically weather rock surfaces.
31
What is sliding mass movement?
Material moves downslope as a coherent mass along a well-defined plane of weakness.
32
What triggers sliding mass movements?
Often triggered by saturation from heavy rainfall or disturbance at the base of a slope.
33
What is slumping mass movement?
Material moves downslope along a curved plane, rotating as it moves.
34
What is distinctive about the shape of slumps?
Creates a concave depression at the top and a bulging toe at the bottom.
35
What conditions promote slumping?
Often occurs on clay slopes after heavy rain when clay becomes saturated.
36
How does abrasion erosion work?
Rock particles carried by water, ice, or wind scrape against bedrock surfaces, wearing them down.
37
How does hydraulic action erosion work?
Force of water compresses air in rock cracks; pressure breaks off pieces of rock.
38
How does attrition erosion work?
Rock particles carried by water or wind collide with each other and break into smaller, rounder fragments.
39
How does solution erosion work?
Soluble rocks are dissolved by slightly acidic water, particularly effective on carbonatic rocks.
40
How does traction transportation work?
Largest, heaviest sediment particles (boulders/large pebbles) are rolled along the riverbed.
41
How does saltation transportation work?
Medium-sized particles (sand/small pebbles) are temporarily lifted and move in a series of bounces.
42
How does suspension transportation work?
Fine, light particles (silt/clay) are carried within the flow, supported by water turbulence.
43
How does solution transportation work?
Dissolved materials (ions) are carried invisibly within the water and don't settle out when flow energy decreases.
44
How does a waterfall form?
A river flows from resistant to less resistant rock; softer rock erodes faster creating a step; falling water creates a plunge pool; undercutting causes retreat.
45
How does a gorge form?
Forms through waterfall retreat or rapid downcutting during tectonic uplift or falling sea levels.
46
Why are valleys V-shaped in the upper course of rivers?
Vertical erosion dominates, cutting downward while weathering and mass movement shape the sides.
47
How does a floodplain form?
Through lateral erosion and deposition; river meanders erode outer banks and widen valley; floods deposit sediment across valley floor.
48
How do levees form?
During floods, velocity drops and sediment is deposited; coarsest material settles nearest channel forming raised banks.
49
How do meanders form?
Water flows faster on outside bends causing erosion; slower flow on inside causes deposition; process becomes self-reinforcing.
50
How does an oxbow lake form?
River takes shortcut across narrow neck of meander during floods; ends of old meander are sealed by deposition, creating a crescent lake.
51
How do headlands and bays form?
On discordant coasts, less resistant rock erodes faster forming bays; more resistant rock forms protruding headlands.
52
What is wave refraction and how does it affect erosion?
Waves bend around headlands, concentrating energy on them and dispersing it in bays.
53
How does a cave form on a coastline?
Wave action exploits weaknesses in headlands, eroding inward through hydraulic action and abrasion.
54
How does a sea arch form?
Continued erosion causes caves on opposite sides of a headland to meet.
55
How does a stack form?
When a sea arch roof collapses, an isolated pillar of rock remains.
56
How does a beach form?
Waves deposit eroded material in areas of lower energy, particularly in bays.
57
How does a spit form?
Where coastline direction changes, longshore drift continues depositing material in more sheltered water, forming a finger-like projection.
58
Why do spits often have curved ends?
The end curves inward due to secondary waves approaching from a different direction.
59
How does rock type influence geomorphic processes?
Affects resistance to erosion and permeability.
60
How does rock structure influence geomorphic processes?
Presence of joints, faults, and bedding planes creates weaknesses that can be exploited.
61
How does precipitation affect geomorphic processes?
Affects river discharge, weathering rates, and mass movement risk.
62
How does temperature affect geomorphic processes?
Influences weathering types, particularly freeze-thaw in cold regions.
63
How does urbanization impact UK landscapes?
Increases impermeable surfaces, alters drainage, and changes sediment supply.
64
How does river management impact landscapes?
Dams, channelization, and flood defenses alter natural river processes and sediment movement.
65
How does coastal management impact landscapes?
Sea walls, groynes, and beach nourishment interfere with natural coastal processes.
66
How does resource extraction impact landscapes?
Quarrying and mining create artificial landforms and change sediment availability.
67
How does climate change impact UK landscapes?
Alters weathering rates, erosion patterns, and increases flood frequency.

OCR GCSE Geography A (5 decks)

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