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Geography > landscapes in the UK > Flashcards

landscapes in the UK Flashcards

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1
Q

how is rock broken down?

A

by mechanical and chemical weathering

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2
Q

what is mechanical weathering?

A

the breakdown of rock without changing its chemical composition

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3
Q

give an example of mechanical weathering

A

freeze-thaw weathering

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4
Q

explain what happens in freeze-thaw weathering

A

water enters cracks in rocks then freezes, this expands and puts pressure on the rock .when the water thaws it contacts wich realizes pressure. this is repeated and widens the cracks

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5
Q

what is chemical weathering?

A

the breakdown of rock by changing its chemical composition

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6
Q

what is mass movement?

A

the shifting of rocks down a slope

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7
Q

what is a scarp

A

a steep cut in the side of a slope

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8
Q

what are the two types of waves?

A

constructive and destructive

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9
Q

the greater the fetch of a wave the …

A

..more powerful the wave

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10
Q

when waves erode the coast what are they called?

A

destructive waves

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11
Q

what wave has a high frequency, and is high and steep?

A

destructive waves

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12
Q

what type of waves deposit material?

A

constructive waves

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13
Q

what is a destructive wave backwash like?

A

the backwash is more powerful than swash so the material is removed

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14
Q

what is constructive waves backwash like?

A

swash is more powerful than backwash so the material is deposited

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15
Q

what wave is low frequency and is low and long?

A

constructive waves

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16
Q

what three types of erosion are used to wear away coasts?

A

hydraulic, abrasion, and attrition

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17
Q

how does hydraulic power work?

A

waves crash against rock and compress the air in the cracks, this puts pressure on the rock .repeted compression widens the cracks and causes bits of rock to break off.

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18
Q

how does abrasion work?

A

eroded particles in the water scrape and rub against the rock, removing small pieces

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19
Q

how does attrition work?

A

eroded particles in the water collide, break into smaller pieces and become more rounded

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20
Q

what is a trick to distinguish the waves?

A

destructive waves destroy and constructive waves create beaches

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21
Q

when does deposition occur?

A

when water carrying sediment loses energy and slows down

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22
Q

what does prevailing mean?

A

most common

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23
Q

what are the two types of coastline?

A

concordant and discordant

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24
Q

what are discordant coastlines made up of?

A

alternating bands of hard and soft rock at right angles to the coast

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25
Q

what are concordant coastlines made up of?

A

alternating bands of soft and hard rock parallel to the coast

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26
Q

when a Headland and bays formed?

A

where there are alternating bands of resistant and less resistant rock along the coast, less persistent rock is eroded faster forming a bay, the resistant rock sticks out forming a Headland

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27
Q

what is Headland eroded to form?

A

caves, arches, and stacks

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28
Q

give two case studies of headlands

A

Durdle Door in Dorset and old Harry in Dorset

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29
Q

how is a cave formed?

A

waves crash into the Headland in and large the cracks so repeated arrangement causes a cave form

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30
Q

how is an arch formed?

A

continued erosion deepens the cave into a breakthrough the headlamp to form an arch

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31
Q

how is a stack formed?

A

erosion continues to wear away the rock supporting the arch until it eventually collapses

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32
Q

what happens when waves erode Cliffs?

A

wave-cut platforms are formed

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33
Q

how are beaches formed?

A

through deposition

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34
Q

where do spits form?

A

at sharp bends in the coastline

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35
Q

how are sand dunes formed?

A

when to sand deposited by longshore drift is moved up the Beach by wind

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36
Q

name two types of dunes

A

embryo dune and mature dune

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37
Q

how is a bar formed?

A

when is spit joins two heads together

38
Q

what does a spit look like on a map?

A

they are shown by a beat that carries on out to see but is still attached to the land at one end

39
Q

how are wave-cut platforms shown on a map?

A

best known as bumpy edges along the coast

40
Q

what is the Dorset coast made up of?

A

bands of hard and soft rock like limestone and clay

41
Q

what is Durdle Door an example of?

A

an arch

42
Q

what is the tombolo?

A

a type of bar

43
Q

what are the two types of coastal defences?

A

hard and soft engineering

44
Q

what is hard engineering?

A

man-made structures built to control the flow of the sea and reduce flooding and erosion

45
Q

what is soft engineering?

A

scheme setup using knowledge of the sea and its Processes to reduce the effects of flooding and erosion

46
Q

name four methods of hard engineering

A

the sea wall, gabions, rock armour and groynes

47
Q

name two methods of soft engineering

A

beach nourishment and dune regeneration

48
Q

what is a sea wall?

A

a wall made out of hard material like concrete that reflects waves back to the sea

49
Q

what are gabions?

A

a wall of wire cages filled with rocks usually built at the front of Cliffs

50
Q

what is rock armour?

A

boulders that are piled up along the coast

51
Q

what are groynes?

A

wooden or stone fences that are built at right angles to the coast they trapped material transported by longshore drift

52
Q

what are some benefits of a sea wall?

A

it prevents erosion of the coast and it also acts as a barrier to prevent flooding

53
Q

what are some benefits of gabions?

A

they absorb wave energy and reduce erosion they are cheap and easy to build

54
Q

what are some benefits of rock armour?

A

is absorbs wave energy, reduces erosion and flooding and it’s cheap

55
Q

what are some benefits of groynes?

A

they create why do beaches with slow waves and there cheap

56
Q

what are some disadvantages of seawalls?

A

they’re expensive to build a matane

57
Q

what are some disadvantages of gabions?

A

the ugly to look at and the wire cages can corrode over time

58
Q

what are some disadvantages of rock armour?

A

folders can be moved around by strong waves so they need to be replaced

59
Q

what are some disadvantages of groynes?

A

they starve beaches further down the coast and make them narrower

60
Q

what is beach nourishment?

A

sand from elsewhere that added to the upper part of beaches

61
Q

what is dune regeneration?

A

creating or restoring sand dunes by nourishment or by plant vegetation to stabilise the sand

62
Q

what are some benefits of beach nourishment?

A

it creates wider beaches which gives greater protection from flooding and erosion

63
Q

what are some benefits of Dune regeneration?

A

stabilisation is cheap

64
Q

what are some disadvantages of beach nourishment?

A

it’s very expensive and has to be repeated

65
Q

what are some disadvantages of Dune regeneration?

A

protection is limited to a small area and nourishment is very expensive

66
Q

what is managed retreat?

A

removing current defences and allowing the sea to flood the land behind basically doing nothing

67
Q

overtime what will happen to the land if it’s managed retreat?

A

the land will become a marshland which then protects the land behind it from flooding

68
Q

what are the benefits of managed retreat?

A

is a cheap and easy strategy that doesn’t need maintaining

69
Q

what are some disadvantages of managed retreat?

A

it causes conflicts e.g. flooding Farmland affect the livelihood of farmers

70
Q

what’s the problem in Lyme Regis?

A

the cliffs need protection from erosion

71
Q

why are Cliffs eroding in Lyme Regis?

A

powerful ways from the Southwest erode sea Cliffs causing them to collapse

72
Q

what’s the population of Lyme Regis?

A

around 3600

73
Q

what does the local economy in Lyme Regis depend on?

A

tourism

74
Q

how many phases were there for the scheme to provide long-term protection in Lyme Regis in 1990?

A

four

75
Q

what did phase 1 in the Lyme Regis scheme include?

A

building new rock armour

76
Q

what is Phase 2 in the Lyme Regis scheme include

A

sand beaches replenished and stabilized rock armour was extended and drainage systems were improved

77
Q

what did phase three in the Lyme Regis scheme include

A

it was meant to prevent landslides in the west of Lyme Regis but was never carried out

78
Q

what did phase four in the Lyme Regis scheme include?

A

included 319 m of cereal and rock armour and protect roads in the town this cost 19.5 million

79
Q

What is solution?

A

Minerals dissolve in water and are carried along

80
Q

What is suspension?

A

Sediment is carried along in the flow of the water

81
Q

What is salutation?

A

Pebbles that bounce along the sea or river bed

82
Q

What is traction?

A

Boulders that roll along a sea or river bed by the force of the flowing water

83
Q

Define a rock fall

A

The rapid free fall of rock from a steep cliff face becase of gravity

84
Q

What is peak discharge?

A

The discharge in a period of time

85
Q

What is lag time?

A

The decay between peak rainfall and peak discharge

86
Q

What is rising limb?

A

The increase in the river discharge

87
Q

What happens in the middle course of the river?

A

The gradient gets gentler so the water has less energy and moves slower

88
Q

How does a waterfall form?

A

River flows over alternative types of rock, river erodes soft rock faster creating a step, hydrolic action and abrasion form a plunge pool hard rock Is undercut

89
Q

What happens in the upper course of a river?

A

River flows over steep gradient, lots of energy so it erodes the river bed vertically

90
Q

What happens in the lower course of a river?

A

River widens, becomes flatter, material is deposited

Geography (3 decks)

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