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Geography > Landscapes and Physical processes > Flashcards

Landscapes and Physical processes Flashcards

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1
Q

upland

A

a landscape that is hilly/mountainous

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2
Q

lowland

A

an area that is lower than the land around it

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3
Q

what factors make a landscape distinctive?

A

geology, people and culture, vegetation, land use

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4
Q

Snowdonia, distinctive landscape example

A

diverse upland landscape shaped by volcanic eruptions, variety of animal and plant life, rich cultural history with many world heritage sites, landscape been shaped by slate mining and large areas of agriculture.

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5
Q

Positive human impacts on the environment

A

visitors to countryside bring benefits to rural economies

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6
Q

negative human impacts on an environment

A

visitor pressure may adversely affect the local communities and landscape

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7
Q

Honeypot site

A

area of interest to tourists

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8
Q

carrying capacity

A

maximum population an environment can sustain

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9
Q

strategies to manage landscapes

A

designated paths, clearly marked car parks, strict control over planning and building within area

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10
Q

Drainage basin

A

land that is drained by a river and its tributaries

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11
Q

interception

A

when precipitation is blocked from reaching the ground by obstacles like trees

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12
Q

infiltration

A

the movement of water going into soil

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13
Q

Throughflow

A

flow of water through the soil

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14
Q

overland flow

A

the flow of water across the ground/surface

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15
Q

groundwater flow

A

flow of water through rocks

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16
Q

transpiration

A

water given off by plants into the atmosphere

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17
Q

stem flow

A

movement of water that has been intercepted and is flowing down the stem of a trunk/plant etc.

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18
Q

percolation

A

movement of water from the soil into the bedrock

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19
Q

what does the speed of water movement through drainage basins depend on?

A

type and quantity of rainfall/vegetation cover, size and shape of drainage basin, steepness of slopes, geology and soil type within drainage basin

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20
Q

why do rivers flood?

A

climate, vegetation, geology, urbanisation

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21
Q

what does a hydrograph show?

A

discharge of a river over a period of time. It shows the total rainfall amount w/ a bar graph and the river discharge as a line graph

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22
Q

features of hydrographs

A

peak discharge, peak rainfall, baseflow, lag time, falling limb, rising limb

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23
Q

lag time of a hydrograph

A

time between peak rainfall and peak discharge in a river

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24
Q

factors that effect hydrographs

A

urbanisation (decrease lag time, steep rising limb), porous rocks (increase lag time, gentle rising limb), impermeable rock (decreases lag time , steep rising limb)

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25
Q

hard engineering strategies for river and drainage basin management

A

dams, levees/embankments, channelisation, gabions, dredging river channel, creating flood relief channel

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26
Q

soft engineering strategies for river and drainage basin management

A

restrict building on flood plains, afforestation, ecological flooding, warning systems,

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27
Q

land-use zoning strategies for river and drainage basin management

A

planning land use within a river basin less valuable land is in danger to flooding. housing and key services usually built on higher ground to avoid flooding.

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28
Q

fluvial

A

referring to rivers and their landforms

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29
Q

erosion

A

the weathering away of land

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30
Q

transportation

A

the movement of material via water flow

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31
Q

deposition

A

The dropping of the material carried by the river

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32
Q

bed load

A

The material carried by the river being bounced or rolled along its bed

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33
Q

what are meanders

A

a bend in a river formed by lateral erosion

34
Q

factors in the erosion process of a river channel

A

Abrasion (material hitting river bed and banks), hydraulic action (sheer force of water against bed and bank), solution (slightly acidic water dissolves chalk and limestone rocks)

35
Q

factors in the erosion process of the river bed

A

Attrition - stones carried by river collide and brake down becoming rounder and smaller
Abrasion - material travelling hitting river bed and bank become eroded

36
Q

how does the river transport its load

A

solution (minerals dissolved in water, solute load), suspension (light material held up and carried by water, suspended load), traction load (large rocks rolled along river bed, Bedload), saltation (small rocks bounced along bed)

37
Q

when does a river deposit material

A

when the speed of flow is too slow

38
Q

what causes a river to deposit material

A

a lack of rainfall, inside of a meander as majority of water flowing on outside of bend so inside flow is slower, at mouth of river when flowing against direction of sea.

39
Q

gorge

A

steep-sided narrow valley formed by retreating waterfall

40
Q

interlocking spurs

A

hard, resistant rocks that rivers can’t easily erode so goes around

41
Q

plunge pool

A

deepened part of the river bed at base of waterfall

42
Q

what are the two ways a waterfall can form

A

glacial erosion or differential erosion

43
Q

what is glacial erosion

A

where waterfalls have formed due to erosive power of a glacier during ice age. Glaciers carved steep valleys which melted glaciers drained into

44
Q

what is differential erosion

A

where waterfalls are formed due to a change in rock structure leading to the river bed being eroded at different rates

45
Q

how is a waterfall formed by differential erosion

A

river bed crosses from hard rock to soft rock which is eroded faster making a step. As water falls hydraulic action keeps eroding the rock underneath the hard rock. As soft rock is eroded further overhang becomes to heavy and collapses making waterfall move upstream.

46
Q

how is a plunge pool formed

A

the sheer force of the water hitting the river bed and abrasion caused by rocks from overhang falling.

47
Q

how is a gorge formed

A

when a waterfall collapses and retreats upstream

48
Q

slip-off slope

A

A bank of gently sloping deposited materials on inside bend of a meander

49
Q

how are meanders formed

A

erosion on outside of river and deposition on inside of river

50
Q

where in the river are meanders usually found

A

middle and lower courses of a river valley, when on a flood plain.

51
Q

slop processes

A

the processes involved in moving material from the cliffs onto the beach

52
Q

weathering

A

the breakdown of rocks in place by elements of the weather

53
Q

freeze-thaw action

A

the breakdown of rocks to due to water entering cracks and repeatedly freezing and thawing

54
Q

carbonation

A

where chemicals in rainwater react with chemicals in rock

55
Q

mass movement

A

when soil, rocks, or stones move down a slope

56
Q

types of weathering

A

Physical, biological, chemical

57
Q

how does salt crystal growth cause weathering

A

seawater left on rocks evaporates, salt crystals grow and exert pressure on rock making it break.

58
Q

how do plant roots cause weathering

A

plants grow on top of cliffs, roots push into cracks in rocks making it break

59
Q

how does carbonation cause weathering

A

rainwater enters cracks, weak acid reacts w/ carbonates in lime stone, cracks get bigger

60
Q

what processes erode cliffs

A

hydraulic action (force of waves), abrasion (sand and pebbles thrown against cliffs), solution (salt water dissolves rock)

61
Q

processes that erode beach material

A

Abrasion and attrition

62
Q

long shore drift

A

the process which moves sediment along the beach

63
Q

how does long shore drift move sediment up beach

A

sediment is pushed onto beach at angle in swash of wave, pulled back into sea by backwash

64
Q

headland

A

area of land that juts into sea

65
Q

bay

A

a recesses area of coastline often between two headlands

66
Q

wave-cut platform

A

a coastal landform made of rocky shelf in front of cliff

67
Q

wave-cut notch

A

a slot with overhanging rocks that has been cut into the bottom of a cliff by wave action

68
Q

bedding plane

A

clearly seen layers of rock in a cliff face

69
Q

how are headlands formed

A

made of harder, more resistant rock that erodes slower than surrounding areas

70
Q

how are bays formed

A

formed between two headlands due to a softer, less resistant rock that erodes quicker than surrounding areas, beaches often form in sheltered bays

71
Q

how is a cliff pushed backwards/ wave-cut platform made

A

hydraulic action makes a wave-cut notch, continuous erosion eventually leads to collapse, material from cliff gets moved to sea and while doing so abrasion smooths the surface

72
Q

when are beaches and pits formed

A

when the swash is stronger than the backwash

73
Q

swash

A

the movement of water up the beach as a wave breaks

74
Q

backwash

A

the flow of water back into the sea after a wave has broken

75
Q

how is a spit formed

A

longshore drift transports material up the coast, when the coast changes direction, it is carried out to sea creating a strip of land

76
Q

how is an offshore bar formed

A

an area of deposition slightly off the coast transported at the river mouth.

77
Q

factors that effect how fast a landform changes

A

geology, climate and human activity

78
Q

How does geology effect the rate of landform change

A

different materials erode at different speeds

79
Q

how does the climate effect rate of landform change at coasts.

A

winds affect teh angle waves break at, so also direction of erosion and transportation.

80
Q

how does the climate effect the rate of landform change at rivers.

A

the more water flowing, the higher erosion rates will be, higher in winter months when there’s more rainfall

81
Q

how do extreme weather events alter the landscape

A

more sever storms create more destructive waves. increased by wind and fetch (distance travelled before breaking), worst storms come from south-east as its the largest distance of open water,

82
Q

intended human activity impact on landscapes.

A

management strategies to reduce erosion, e.g. on meanders with building on outside bend. Gabions used. human settlement vulnerable on coast cliffs.

Geography (6 decks)

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