Landscape: -Types, -Styles, -Principles and -Movements

Question 1

Baroque

Answer 1

concept of horizontal and vertical movement for cities -heights- grand stairs, water from fountains - spatial drama

Question 2

late 18th century

Answer 2

romanticism replaced classical orders. Rococo was flowering. liberation of English garden -> freedom from autocratic rule

Question 3

Arts and Craft movement (nederlands)

Answer 3

ambacht - eerlijke materialen en constructies. plezier in het werk, antimachine, sociaal geinspereerd, romantisch-socialisme

Question 4

Arts and Craft movement (english)

Answer 4

Architecture for the sake of beauty, honesty of materials, power of impression, inspiration from nature, commemorative quality, flowers & topiary

Question 5

Historicism

Answer 5

a mentally that values particular cultures and vanished epochs

Question 6

Landschapstheorie 18e eeuw

Answer 6

The beautiful (schoonheid in kunst, het pestorale idyllische, romantisch beeld van boeren leven). The picturesque. The sublime (schoonheid uit het menselijke schaal overstijgend)

Question 7

17e eeuw

Answer 7

frans autoritair systeem: de tuin als machtssymbool, wetenschappelijk modernisme in westerse cultuur. Hortis conclusis abandoned. classical style combined with Italian Baroque laid basis for city.

Question 8

20e eeuw

Answer 8

people no longer looked to the past traditions for inspiration and a sense of continuity with history, they looked to the present and future as the only reliable basis for knowledge.

Question 9

Modernism

Answer 9

expression of functional machinelike order and practibility - functionalist approach - Bauhaus - Le Corbusier - ease of movement - consequent liberation - innovation - free-standing sculptures

Question 10

Rococo

Answer 10

light and decorative - elegance and delicacy of detail - naturalistic floral and rustic forms - highly picturesque scenery - exoticism - ornamental structures

Question 11

19e eeuw

Answer 11

franse en industriele revolutie, slechte werkomstandigheden in fabrieken -> volksparken. wegennet als integraal onderdeel van volksgroen. belang circulatiesysteem, carriage drive

Question 12

16e eeuw

Answer 12

natuur en kunst met elkaar verweven, kunst and ambacht vulden elkaar aan, konden alleen dankzij elkaar bestaan. ambacht en kennis was ook kunst.

Question 13

Roman Landscape ()

Answer 13

roman villa’s - mythic - water - sculptures - mosaic - plants - spiritual mood

Question 14

Colonial

Answer 14

Amerika - grid - wards -> (vierkante units: groen, woning, 2 grote gebouwen) - utilitarian gardens: farms & orchards - gravel paths - topiaries - plantation

Question 15

Jean - Marie Morelle, definitie landschapsarchitect (Architecte - paysagiste)

Answer 15

• je moet snappen wat de processen zijn en wat ze teweeg brengen. - je moet kaarten kunnen lezen en maken - je moet een kritische houding over natuur hebben

Question 16

Rousseausque principles

Answer 16

1. Garden as privileged space for enlightenment reversie 2. nature as imaginations muse 3. rustic simplicity as means to virtue

Question 17

Chinese gardening

Answer 17

one with nature - energy/spirits - abstract beauty of rocks & minerals - mountains ->immortality - calligraphy, paintings, poetry - pine bamboo plum - qi

Question 18

principles of Le Notre’s approach (by Dezallier)

Answer 18

-make art yield nature -excessive ornament abandoned -never cloud or darken garden -not make garden too open -manipulate the terrain and planting to conceal the garden boundaries

Question 19

Garden Cities of tomorrow

Answer 19

Ebenezer Howard, Reactie op dichtheid bebouwing industriele stad, slechte woonomstandigheden, idealisme en utopie op praktische pragmatische grondslag, community denken

Question 20

Nieuwe bouwen (20th century)

Answer 20

functionalisme - nieuwe constructies - nieuwe materialen; staal en glas - transparantie - functionele plattegrond - standardisatie - machine esthetiek - Tabula rasa

Question 21

Gilded Age , Italianate design

Answer 21

Compartimentalized gardens - concealment - surprise - spatial intimacy - expression of cultural status

Question 22

Edwardian garden

Answer 22

sheer aestheticism - art for arts sake - idyllic retreat - recreational refugee, 2 types: formal and survivalistic - geometric lines and flower borders

Question 23

Romanticism (late 18th century)

Answer 23

public parks movement - spiritual counterbalance to scientific rationalism of the enlightenment - cultural groundwork for individual rights

Question 24

18e eeuw

Answer 24

bevrijdt van het religieuze, staatkundige en traditionele jurk - de verlichting: rede, vrijheid, gelijkheid en broederschap - introduceren van de klassieke oudheid, reiken naar gouden eeuw

Question 25

Victorian gardens (19th century)

Answer 25

**picturesque tradition combined with romantic spirit** - **industrial materials** - **architecture of other ages** - efficiency - **knot-gardens** - **mazes** - topiary - less grandeur than french gardens

Question 26

Jardin anglais (french picturesque style)

Answer 26

**independent phenomena** - contemporary english gardens (influenced by) - **rococo features** - **fabriques** - **two types: theatrical, exotic and libertine anglo-chinois, moral and sentimental rousseauesque characteristics**

Question 27

Industrial revolution (19e eeuw)

Answer 27

**child labour** - **illness** - personal pleasure promoted - **pleasure garden** - **recreational preserve** - **reserve of modernism**

Question 28

Middle Ages (\>5th century)

Answer 28

**good and evil** - **heaven and hell** - human and divine - **enclosure** - **medieval garden** - gate and fence - **locus amoenus** -\> earthly paradise

Question 29

English landscape style

Answer 29

**Palladianism** - **classical ornament** - real & fabricated ruins - **thematic itineraries of allegorical heroism** - **Augustan Amateurs** - grassy hills - **wooden bridge**

Question 30

French Renaissance

Answer 30

**firmly rooted in italian style** - **limitlessness by axes** - **needed money to survive** - **dutch variant**: defined by water, **english variant**: scientific approach waterworks and grottoes

Question 31

Italian Renaissance (15th century)

Answer 31

**Allegories** - **elongated axes** - **unending universe** - ancient roman architecture - **humanism** - theater for the initiated - **giardino segreto** -\> secluded & enclosed garden room

Question 32

Picturesque (19th century)

Answer 32

**cementaries**, **"looking for the picturesque"**, **intricacy** - **variety** - outcrops of rock - **contrast of dark and light** - grouping of trees - still popular till 1900's

Question 33

City beautiful movement (20th century)

Answer 33

**monumental planning** - **paris beaux-arts** - **neoclassical monuments** - **axial planning** - **naturalistic landscaping** complemented Beaux-Arts architectural gardens

Question 34

Humanists

Answer 34

**classical myth** - **christian mystery** - **natural world** - **westerse esoteriek** - **symbolen in kunst**

Question 35

New Urbanism

Answer 35

**street pattern and land use of the old 19th century** - **socially vibrant environment** - **better homes for the poor** - **discipline the automobile** - **compact in scale**

Question 36

De Stijl 1918

Answer 36

**nieuwe beelding** - **Abstractie** - **universele waarden** - **niet verhalend** - (anti -individualistisch, -ornamental, -emotie, -natuur) - **nieuwe concepten natuur** -\> Licht, Zon, Lucht

Question 37

First, second and third nature

Answer 37

**garden is the third, agrarian the second and wilderness the first**