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Alevel Geography > Landscape Systems > Flashcards

Landscape Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the littoral zone

A

intertidal zone extending from the high water mark to coastal areas that are permanently submerged, the foreshore

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2
Q

What are the elements of structure

A

Geological, forming, lithologies

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3
Q

Elements of geological structure

A

Jointing, dip, faulting, folding, coastal morphology

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4
Q

Elements of forming

A

Concordant, discordant coastlines

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5
Q

Elements of lithology

A

Strata, deformation, faulting

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6
Q

What is strata

A

a layer or a series of layers of rock in the ground

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7
Q

How are wave cut notches formed

A

destructive waves hit against the cliff face, causing an undercut between the high and low water marks, mainly as a result of abrasion, corrosion and hydraulic action, creating a wave-cut notch. This notch then enlarges into a cave, and eventually collapses to be level with the sea

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8
Q

Sources of sediment

A

Rivers (intermittent, sub aerial inland), waves, cliffs, LSD, angle of wave

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9
Q

depositional landforms

A

Beaches, spits, bars, tombolo, cuspate

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10
Q

what are feedback loops

A

Negative = nullified
Positive = amplified

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11
Q

What are factors influencing landscapes

A

Geology, waves, tides, wind, current, geomorphic processes

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12
Q

Types of ocean currents

A

Longshore currents
Rip currents
Upwelling

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13
Q

What are rip currents

A

Seawater build up

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14
Q

what are the 3 types of energy inputted into a coastline

A

kinetic
potential
thermal

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15
Q

what is an output of energy

A

strong backwash transports sediment away from the coastlome

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16
Q

what is a flow

A

a form of linkage between 2 stores

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17
Q

what is a store

A

a store of energy

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18
Q

why might a sediment cell not be a closed system

A

lsd transports sediment depending on prevailing wind
around barriers like headlands (storms)
sand blown further inland
humans or extreme weather events

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19
Q

how do winds produce waves

A

generated by frictional
higher wind speed is higher fetch
top of wave moves faster than bottom

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20
Q

why do waves break as they enter the shore

A

circular orbit changes to elliptical as frictional drag influences the shape and water moleevules come into contact with sea fooor
slowing wave to cause bunch up
crest advanced a heads of the wave (not influenced)

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21
Q

spring tide

A

high tude

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22
Q

neap tide

A

low tide

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23
Q

how do rivers gain sediment

A

terrestrially by erosion transport deposition and lsd

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24
Q

why does a defecit sediment budget require human intervention

A

hard engineering to stop excessive eroson

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25
Q

why may a spit be recurved

A

secondary winds > deposition at different angles > salt marsh behind a spit if estuary

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26
Q

how is the rosetta headland formes

A

constant deposition of sediment through lsd from distributaries due to NW W waves

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27
Q

temp and sea level of glacial period

A

wurm glacial period
9C lower and 90m lower

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28
Q

why will rias infill with sea level rise

A

alluvial deposits due to the depth and low velocity and energy

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29
Q

sea level change effect on shingle beaches

A

higher energy waves due to sea level rise > lsd > rapid change in characteristics

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30
Q

sandbanks why is it being manages

A

protect beach from excess erosion die to high value property development nearby

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31
Q

effects of changes of processes and flows

A

reduced retreat of coastline and minimised movement of sediment

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32
Q

how long is the nile delta

A

6650km

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33
Q

how much rainfall in the nile delta

A

600mm

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34
Q

discharge of nile delta

A

3000m3/s

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35
Q

factors influencing the formation of landforms

A

waves
tides
wind
currents
géomorphic processes
geology

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36
Q

where are distributaries in the nile delta

A

cairo

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37
Q

when was the aswan dam built

A

1964
caused imbalance

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38
Q

how much was the reduction of sediment due to aswan dam

A

120 million to trace amounts

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39
Q

where is flamorough head located

A

between salt burn and flamborough head
rock upland
60km long

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40
Q

geology of FH

A

adjacent to north york mooks
rise 400m
sandstone shale and limestone
glacial deposits

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41
Q

fetch FH

A

1500km

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42
Q

shale and clay erosion rate FH

A

0.8 metres a year

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43
Q

sandstone and limestone erosion rates

A

0.1 metres per annum

44
Q

prevailing wind FH

A

N/NW

45
Q

FH sediment sources

A

between salt burn and flamboyrogh sub cell
cliff erosion
boulder clay deposits
river sediment (river Esk)

46
Q

beach sediment increas FH

A

9245m3 (2008-2011)

47
Q

cliffs in FH

A

vertical face lowered by mass movement 40*
glacial till overlain

48
Q

shore platforms what is the bay called Fh

A

high energy erosion
robin hood bay has lower lias shales

49
Q

headlands FH

A

wave refraction concentrated headland
joints exploités
slewing bay
blowholes and 50 geos

50
Q

what are the beaches like Fh

A

few well developed
sand and shingle accumulate
waves remove sediment before deposition
lsd medium

51
Q

why do sea levels change daily

A

high and low every few hours
air pressure
winds push water to coast

52
Q

why do sea levels change long term

A

relative to land
eustatic and isostatic

53
Q

when was the last glacial maximum

A

20,000 years afo

54
Q

what is eustatic thermal change

A

water expands
ocean absorbs heat
thermal expansion
fossil fuels
anthropogenic forcing

55
Q

what is isostatic change

A

uplift experiences by land following the removal of ice sheets as post glacial rebound
mantle pushed down by ice sheet

56
Q

subsidence

A

sinking of land due to the weight of ice sheet
weight of sediment into thames

57
Q

which parts of UK are rising

A

N W

58
Q

which parts of UK are sinking

A

S E

59
Q

isostatic change accretion

A

sediment added to landform
balanced by subsidence

60
Q

example of accretion

A

1.1mm sinking
2.2mm eustatic rising
3.9mm rise

61
Q

past activity of tectonics

A

uplift of mountains
local tilting
alpine folding
eurasian african

62
Q

output of energy

A

long wavelength (heat emission)
terrestrial radiatoon

63
Q

what is an output of matterial

A

aeolian processes
erodes material transported

64
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

when a system is disturbed and the system undergoes self regulation to change and restore it

65
Q

store in a sediment cell

A

point of accumulation of energy or material

66
Q

flow between sediment cell

A

the linkage (lsd)

67
Q

when will a wave topple over

A

the depth is less than 1.3x the wave height

68
Q

what happens to wave heighhtr as it enters the shore

A

increases

69
Q

what is backwash

A

the force of gravity acting perpendicular to the coastline

70
Q

what is wave refraction

A

concentrated energy on headland
comes into contact with shallow water causing friction
wave wave refracts around the headland and drag against sides

71
Q

low energy landforms

A

beaches and spits
deposition exceeds erosion
estuaries

72
Q

high energy landforms

A

headlands
cliffs
wave cut platforms
strong prevailing wind

73
Q

sediment comes from

A

streams and rivers
cliff erosion
offshore sandbanks
shells and coral

74
Q

sediment cells are

A

closed systems

75
Q

explain the concept of a sediment cell

A

closed system
2 distinct features of land
dynamic equilibrium
erosion transportation and depositions
movement of matter ❌

76
Q

types of erosion

A

hydraulic action
abrasion
corrasion
attrition
solution

77
Q

What affects rate if erosion

A

Wave height
Fetch
Sea depth
Wave refraction
Protection of a beach
Human activity

78
Q

How does lithology affect geomorphic processes

A

Rock characteristics
Erosion resistance
Permeability
Jointed rocks

79
Q

How does structure affect geomorphic processes

A

Strata (relations)
Deformation and tectonic activity
Faulting and fractures
Con/discordant coastlines
Dip

80
Q

Types of transportation

A

Traction
Saltation
Suspension
Solution
LSD

81
Q

Equation for energy relation wave high

A

E=LH2
Smallest increase in height results in a bigger change in energy

82
Q

ablation

A

loss of ice or snow from a glacier

83
Q

aeolian

A

eeosional, transportation and deposition

84
Q

chemical weathering

A

in situ breakdown of rocks by chemical processes like oxidation and hydrolysis

85
Q

concordant

A

coastline with andd of géologies lying paralell to shire

86
Q

deflation

A

erosion of clay and silt by wind action

87
Q

fetch

A

distance of ppen water in one direction from a coastline over which the wind can blow

88
Q

What are the factors affecting temperature

A

Earths orbit
Energy from sun
Composition of atmosphere
Tilt of earth

89
Q

What was the sea level and temp of Tyrrhenian relative to today

A

3C higher and 20m higher

90
Q

What happens when global temps fall

A

Sea level fall 2m
Precipitation id snow and turns to ice
Molecules contract

91
Q

Emergent landforms

A

Raised beaches
Abandoned cliffs
Marine terraces

92
Q

What is a raised beach

A

Higher shore platform more inland

93
Q

What is an abandoned cliff

A

A relic cliff behind a raised beach
Normal landforms

94
Q

What is a marine terrace

A

Larger raised beach

95
Q

Who manages sandbanks

A

Poole harbour commissions
Poole borough council
Sediment cell

96
Q

What is the need for sandbanks

A

High value prop
£10m houses
Residential demand
Beach’s for tourists
Protection
Ferries

97
Q

Strategies used to manage sandbanks

A

Rock grognes
Beach recharge

98
Q

How to rock groynes manage sandbanks

A

Restrict sediment
Ships into harbour
Absorb waves
W/o 1.6m/y

99
Q

How does beach recharge manage sandbanks

A

Dredged offshore (£20/m3)
‘Rainbowing’

100
Q

How has pakiri developed

A

High quality sand 9mangawhai-pakiri)
50km from Auckland (35% GDP)

101
Q

When did Mangawhai stop sand mining

A

2005

102
Q

How much sand was mined between 1994-2004 in pakiri

A

165,000m3/y

103
Q

Why is sand mining non renewable

A

Few rivers
5x output than input
Closed sediment budget

104
Q

How does sand mining impact landforms

A

Beaches wide and flat
High energy waves
Vegetation loss (wind)

105
Q

What do studies of pakiri show

A

Erosion rate increase
Climate change and extraction will equal 35m erosion in 100yrs

Alevel Geography (5 decks)

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