landscape- scale conservation Flashcards
what is meant by landscape-scale conservation
conservation efforts aimed at higher levels of biological hierarchy, looking to conserve entire communities or ecosystems to protect more biodiversity with greater success and lower cost
what is the primary tool used by landscape-scale conservationists
protected areas
= clearly defined geographical spaces dedicated and managed to achieve long term conservation of nature and associated ecosystem services
what does the world commission on protected areas (part of the IUCN) do
responsible for the classification of the 6 different levels of protection
1) strict nature reserves/wildlife areas
2) national parks
3) habitat/species management area
4) natural monument of feature
5) protected land/seascape = MOST UK NATIONAL PARKS
6) protected areas with sustainable use of resources
outline what category, as designated by the world commission of protected areas, most protected areas are in
Starnes et al 2021 found 28% of UK land is protected but only 11% falls within protected areas and effectiveness of protection dependant on IUCN category
- UK protected area is disproportionately represented by IUCN category 5 landscape
- as little as 5% of UK is effectively protected for nature
- future protected must emphasis quality as well as quantity
what is the united nations convention on biological diversity 2010
aims to promote the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, including the establishment and management of protected areas.
- set 20 Aichi biodiversity targets in 2010 of which non were fully met
e.g. Target 11 = protect 10% of marine and 17% of terrestrial areas
achieved = 8% and 15%
what was a new aichi target set by united nations convention om biological diversity in 2022
30 by 30 = protected 30% of land and sea by 2030
what should protected areas focus on
1) biodiversity hot spots
2) biomes/ecoregions
3) ecosystem services
4) cultural importance
give an example of what a biodiversity hot spot is and where one is located
= high biodiversity which are under threat
e.g Birdlife international organization identified around 1500 important bird areas covering 7% of land surface costing 7 billion dollars per year to conserve worldwide (Mcarthy et al)
why should protected areas be by biome
WWF identified 868 terrestrial ecoregions so we should target the ones with the greatest species richness, endemism and rarity
Dinerstein et al 2017 = measured protection for each eco region and found only 12% were only over half protected
= difficulties in this approach lie in country boundaries, need to cross multiple political jurisdictions with multiple governments which need cooperation
why should protected areas focus on ecosystem services
rarley used but has potential
= aims to protect areas with high biodiversity and preserve their ecosystem services
but
doesn’t always match e.g. mammal and bird diversity doesn’t match ecosystem services well in China but amphibian and reptile does
why should protected areas be in areas of cultural importance
e.g. world heritage sites or UNESCO biosphere reserves e.g.
8000 km square biosphere in Congo basin hosting over 100 mammal species and 4000 people who hunt using traditional methods
however around this area is an additional 40,000 people putting pressure on the biosphere for timber or harvesting so need to conserve by antipoaching strategies, regular patrols and community education and communication
outline some considerations when it comes to protected area design
1) size - larger
2) shape - high interior: edge ratio
3) irreplacebility= unique coomunity or ecosystem
4) vulnerability = facing immediate threat
5) inclusion = coupled natural- human system
should also have
wildlife corridors
more habitat tupes
closer together areas
what are some behavioural considerations when designing protected areas
barriers and corridors differ between species
- small mammals dont use same type of crossing potins at large
animal state e.g. poor condition/diseased/ age may be more or less likley to move or approach
more flexible animals may suffer mortality via ecological traps e.f. coyotes are more diurnal and willing to cross roads
what is meant by sustainable development
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
