LANDING

Question 1

Where does the landing phase of flight start?

Answer 1

At 50 ft above the threshold

Question 2

What does the Landing distance required consist of?

Answer 2

1. Airborne section

2. Ground section

Question 3

What is Vref?

Answer 3

Vref is the speed you should have at 50 ft over the threshold
Vref provides a margin over stall speed and Vmca
Vref is 1,3 x Vso

Question 4

How does a 10% increase in landing speed affect landing distance?

Answer 4

10% increase in speed gives a 20% increase in landing distance

Question 5

How does a 10% increase in weight affect landing distance?

Answer 5

10% increase in weight gives a 10% increase in landing distance

Question 6

What the idea about usage of flaps on approach in x-wind conditions?

Answer 6

Use full flaps to land as slow as possible

Reasons for less flaps would be to get higher airspeed over the control surfaces and better control of the aircraft

Question 7

What are the landing distance requirements for a Jet?

Answer 7

From 50 ft we have to come to a stop within 60% of the LDA
Take LDR x 1,67 to see if that figure is lower/same as the LDA

For wet runways LDR must be increased by 15%
LDR x 1,92 (1,67 x 1,15)

Question 8

What are the landing distance requirements for a Prop?

Answer 8

From 50 ft we have to come to a stop within 70% of the LDA
Take LDR x 1,43 to see if that figure is lower/same as the LDA

For wet runways LDR must be incresed by 15%
LDR x 1,64 (1,43 x 1,15)

Question 9

When might CAA approve a lower screen height?

Answer 9

On steep approaches. May be lowered to min 35 ft

Question 10

How does mass affect landing distance?

Answer 10

Increases LD
A/c touches down at a faster speed and is harder to decelerate
10% increase in weight gives a 10% increase in LD
Kinetic energy formula = M x Vsqrd / 2

Question 11

How does density affect landing distance?

Answer 11

At hot and high fields LD increases
Vref is a CAS and is related to dynamic pressure
To achive the same CAS , the TAS must be higher
The real touchdown speed will be faster and LD longer

Question 12

How does wind affect landing distance?

Answer 12

For a given CAS the wind will affect the GS

A tailwind will therefore increase the LD

Question 13

How will surface (wet) affect landing distance?

Answer 13

Landing distance will be longer

Therefore the law says we have to use add 15% to the LDR

Question 14

How does slope affect landing distance?

Answer 14

Downslope increases LD

Less than 2% slope can be ignored

Question 15

How is slope calculated?

Answer 15

Slope = Diff in threshold elevations (ft) / Runway length (ft) x 100

Question 16

What components are looked at to get max landing mass?

Answer 16

1. Climb limit mass
2. Field limit mass
3. Structural mass
4. ACN vs PCN

Question 17

What two components does Climb limit mass comprise of?

Answer 17

1. Landing climb limit mass:
   Max mass at which a gradient of 3,2% can be achived with
   -All engines operating with thrust after max 8 sec
   - A/c in landing configuration
   - Min 1,2 Vs
   - Max 1,3 Vs

2. Balked landing:
Max mass with the following gradients:
- 2,1% for 2 ENG a/c
- 2,4% for 3 ENG a/c
- 2,7% for 4 ENG a/c
with
- critical ENG inop
- Go-around thrust on other engine
- Gear up
- Flaps at go-around
- Speed not greater than 1,5 Vs

Question 18

With a DA below 200 ft what is the missed approch gradient required?

Answer 18

At least 2,5% is required or the published one, whichever is higher

Question 19

How is field limit mass accounted for?

Answer 19

Usually in the graphs already
Use 50% of headwinds
Use 150% of tailwinds etc

Question 20

What are the 3 main retarding forces when an aircraft is on the ground?

Answer 20

1. Brake drag
2. Reverse thrust
3. Aerodynamic drag

Question 21

Describe how Brake drag influences stopping once on the ground?

Answer 21

Brakes provides the majority of the deceleration
Anti-skid is important for braking effeiciency
Carbon brakes increases efficiency

Question 22

Describe reverse thrust and it’s influence on stopping?

Answer 22

Reverse thrust is the 2nd most important retarding force.
It’s more effective on a turbo-prop
Can provide a 10% reduction in landing distance
Is an important braking method on runways with low friction

Question 23

Describe the influence of aerodynamic drag on stopping?

Answer 23

Is the lest effective retardation force.
Once on the ground the induced drag disappears and left is parasite drag from the flaps and the gear
Parasite drag is proportional to Vsqrd, so at low speeds such as the landing roll it’s the least effective one

Question 24

What would you do if landing on a wet runway with a strong crosswind you started to drift downwind off the runway?

Answer 24

Cancel reverse, regain centreline using rudder control, and then apply max braking using anti-skid if necessary. The most likely reason the aircraft skidded was due to aquaplaning and drifting sideways due to the sideways component of thrust from reverse
application. Another action may be to confirm spoiler extension after touch down.

Question 25

Whilst on climb OEI, IAS falls below Vmca and you are at 500’ AGL, what would you do?

Answer 25

You are on the backend of the drag curve, the only thing you can do is lower the nose

Question 26

How are aqua planning speeds calculated?

Answer 26

Rolling tyre:
9 x SQR out of the tyre PSI

Stationary tyre:
7,7 x SQR out of the tyre PSI

Question 27

You select reverse on landing the Aircraft starts to yaw.

What could cause this and what do you do?

Answer 27

Could be caused be a x-wind landing on a contaminated runway. If the Aircraft touches down with some crab or is allowed to weathercock into wind after landing, the reverse thrust side force component and the x-wind component can combine to cause the aircraft to drift to the downwind side of the runway.

• Release reverse thrust
• Release the brakes
• Use rudder and differential braking

Once established on the centerline, re-apply brakes and reverse thrust as nescessary

Question 28

What are the 3 types of hydroplanning?

Answer 28

1. Dynamic:
   Due to standing water on the runway when the tyre is lifted completely off the runway and supported by the water.
2. Viscous:
   Occurs when surface is damp and water provides a thin film of water, which cannot be penetrated by the tyre. Can occur at much lower speeds than dynamic aquaplaning. Particularly associated with smooth surfaces like touchdown point with rubber around.
3. Reverted Rubber:
   This means the rubber on the tyre becomes tacky and looks like uncured rubber. The heat from the friction between the tyre and the wet runway boils the water and reverts the rubber, which forms a seal, and delays
   water dispersal. The steam then prevents the tyre from contacting the runway.

Question 29

What is the Vref correction in gusty conditions?

Answer 29

Half the headwind + Full Gust Factor.

Up to a max of 20 kts

Question 30

What are the Hydroplanning speeds on the B190?

Answer 30

Take-off:
Front 60 kts
Main 75 kts

Landing:
Front 70 kts
Main 88 kts

Question 31

If landing on a wet runway and the anti-skid light illuminates, one should?

Answer 31

Disengage the system, use maximum reverse, deploy the drag devices and apply gentle braking.
(logical)