Landforms Of Coastal Erosion

Question 1

How are wave cut notches formed?

Answer 1

At high tide, destructive waves may reach the base of the cliff.
The processes of abrasion and hydraulic action erode the rock at the bottom of the cliff.
A curved, wave cut notch forms along the length of the cliff.
Sea caves may form at weaker points along the wave-cut notch line.

Question 2

How are wave cut platforms created?

Answer 2

Above the wave cut notch, an overhand of unsupported rock is formed.
As this overhang is undercut, mass movement of the unsupported rock occurs and the cliff retreats. Lithology affects this mass movement.
As the cliff retreats, it leaves behind a flat/slightly sloping area of rock between high/low tide levels = wave cut platform. Erosion makes this smooth over time.

Question 3

How are cave/arch/stack/stumps formed?

Answer 3

Hydraulic action and abrasion form caves that eventually meet in the middle to form a tunnel, above which is an arch.
Erosion and weathering make the arch more prominent.
Arch collapses and only a stack is left.
Further erosion leaves a stump.