Land use conflicts Flashcards by becca brain

National park conflicts

Erosion
Congestion
Disturbed wildlife
Litter
Displaced local community
Different recreational uses

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Major land use conflicts

Urban expansion
Transport developments
Mining/quarrying
Harnessing energy
Recreation/ tourism
waste disposal

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Urban expansion

Caused by changes in population
Many new housing estates are on urban green areas
Causes an increase in overcrowding/congestion
Overcrowding/congestion reduce quality of life

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Transport developments

Road schemes
Proposed/enlarged airports
Port developments

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Road schemes

Road usage has increased in the last 50 years
Higher affluence led to more transported goods
Congestion has led to the need for new roads

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Controversial road schemes

M3 extension at Twyford Down
A34 Newbury bypass
A66 Temple Somerby bypass
M6 toll road

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Proposed/ enlarged airports

Growth of air travel requires more/bigger airports
Usually results in loss of farmland, habitats, rural communities
Noise and congestion

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Controversial airport developments

Heathrow terminal 5, proposed 3rd runway, terminal 6
Manchester airport 2nd runway
Expansion of Stansted airport

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Port developments

Increased trade in and out of UK carried by boat
Ports need to be in sheltered areas
Generally involve destruction of sensitive habitats
Eg. mudflats

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Controversial port developments

Container port, Dibden bay, Southampton water
Container port, Harwich, Essex
Oil terminals, Milford Haven, Wales

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Mining/quarrying

Minerals can only be extracted from large deposits
Alluvial deposits are essential for building construction
Often extracted from fertile farmland with high population densities

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Case study- glensanda super quarry

West coast of Scotland
Produced huge amounts of granite
Roads, airport runways, lining the Channel Tunnel
Coastal location allows ship exportation
One large quarry focuses the environmental impact into one place

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Harnessing energy

Wind farms
Hydroelectric power stations
Tidal barrages
Used because alternatives could have worse impacts
Eg. nuclear or tidal?

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Wind farms

Windiest places are usually the most scenically attractive
Wind farms usually spoil views
Noise is a problem for locals
Habitat loss is created around the base of the tower
Rotating blades can kill birds, especially on migration routes
Sensitive wind farms avoid areas which create these problems

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Hydroelectric power stations

HEP stations

Usually located in areas of great scenic value

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Case study- Dinorwig HEP station

Built in Snowdonia national park 1980’s
Reduced environmental impacts in several ways
Turbine/generator rooms built underground
Pipe between reservoirs built underground
Landscaped using waste from derelict slate quarries
Power lines underground so no pylons needed

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Tidal barrages

Tidal flows have high potential for energy generation
High impact on sensitive estuary sites
Shipping disrupted
Pressure on quarries

Recreation/tourism

Increasing tourists increase congestion, trampling, facilities required
Different tourist groups can conflict

Waste disposal

Landfills are smelly, take up land, release methane
Incinerators are unpopular with locals
Recycling is optimal but lacks public cooperation

Methods of resolving land use conflicts

Planning controls
Space zoning
Time zoning
Assessing environmental impacts
Cost benefit analysis

Planning controls

Developments must have planning permission
Process begins with planning application
Depending on type of development public inquiries are made
All interested parties can have their say
Independent inspector makes report for secretary of state
Secretary of state makes final decision

Areas with strict planning controls

National parks
Green belts
Green wedges

National parks

No new urban developments allowed
Only allows essential or highly desired developments
New housing only permitted for locals
Buildings must use same materials and techniques as existing buildings

Green belts

Administered by DEFRA
Planning permission only granted if necessary
Eg. bigger road for less congestion

Aims of green belts

``` Protect countryside from urban sprawl Prevent urban areas from merging Reduce congestion Maintain character of each urban area Encourage urban regeneration ```

Problems with green belts

Shortage of land pushes house prices up Encourages development of urban green areas Leapfrogging

Green wedges

Same purpose as green belts Discourages leapfrogging Provides green corridors

Space zoning

Allocates different areas for different activities Reduces conflict Eg. mountain biking and walking

Case study- Poole harbour

Large, relatively shallow estuary Heavily used by people Great importance to wildlife All users must abide by general restrictions 10 knot speed limit 6 knot speed limit in quiet areas Waterskiing, jet skis windsurfing/kitesurfing, scuba diving, conservation all have different areas allocated Commercial ships have priority in main channels

Time zoning

Allocating different time periods to different activities

Case study- Westport Lake Nature Reserve, Stoke-On-Trent

Westport Lake is developed from a flooded clay pit Sailing is permitted on the largest lake in summer only Winter is used by migratory water birds

Case study- Golf course at Starcross, Devon

Golf is not allowed october through to march | Grass provides important food supply for migratory Brent Geese

Assessing Environmental impacts

Leopold matrix | EIA

Leopold matrix

Method of comparing impacts of proposed development Considers each impact separately Considers severity of each impact All physical, biological, social aspects considered All impacts given score 1-10 for importance All impacts given score 1-10 for magnitude Prevents to much importance being put on one impact

EIA

Environmental impact assessment Must be followed before planning permission is granted EU scheme Ensures all possible impacts are considered Allows for modifications or alternatives

Stages of an EIA

``` Description of proposal Description of environment Description of impact Project modifications Project alternatives Non technical summary Public summary published ```

Cost benefit analysis

CBA Gives financial value to all impacts and benefits of proposal Can be difficult to give financial values If costs exceed benefits, proposal is rejected

Example CBA costs for proposed mine

Land, labour, material costs for access roads, Cost of land for the mine, Labour, machinery, fuel for mine operations Lost income from tourism/ visitors Reduced house value

Example CBA benefits for proposed mine

Increased local employment Improved transport access for local industries Future use of mine eg. country park

Case study- Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya

Home to many important wildlife species Eg. lions, elephants, rhinos, leopards, giraffes, hippos Famous for annual wildebeast migration Grazing wildlife compete with local livestock Growing crops interrupts migrations Growing crops is better money Herdsmen get little money from tourism Tourism is important to kenyan economy Best option is to pay farmers using tourism money to tolerate wildlife