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Paleontology > Land Plants > Flashcards

Land Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Land plants probably originated from _____________ as evidence of nonvascular
plants evolved during the Silurian but the earliest fossils of nonvascular plants
are from the Lower Devonian.

A

green algae

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2
Q

Plants became independent from their aquatic habitats from the development
of

A

vascular tissues.

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3
Q

Period was a period of rapid plant diversification, characterized by the
appearance of seed-bearing plants and the first forests.

A

Devonian

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4
Q

Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems were dominated by

A

conifers, cycads, and
ferns

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5
Q

diversified spectacularly in the Cretaceous and are the most
abundant group of plants

A

Flowering plants

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6
Q

The fossil record of plants is typically

A

fragmentary

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7
Q

Other plants become broken up or fragmented due to

A

taphonomic processes

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8
Q

Plant material may also be preserved as

A

molds
or casts.

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9
Q

There are three important groups of Nonvascular plants all of which are extant:

A

Hornworts, Liverworts, and Mosses.

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10
Q

Similar to liverworts but sporangia are able to grow continously; Early Devonian-Recent

A

Nonvascular plants(hornworts)

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11
Q

Small plants with a flattened leaf-like body(thallus); Late Devonian-Recent

A

Hepatophytes(liverworts)

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12
Q

Filamentous mat with simple leaves and root-like structures (rhizoids)

A

Bryophytes(mosses)

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13
Q

Seedless vascular plants
include three extinct groups,
and three groups with living
relatives:

A

Club mosses, Ferns,
and Horsetails.

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14
Q

Extinct plants with dichotomously branched, simple axes. Sporangia terminal; Silurian-early Devonian

A

Rhyniophytes
(Cooksonia)

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15
Q

Leafy plants with sporangia on upper surface of leaves or at the leaf-stem intersect; Late Silurian-Recent

A

Lycop hytes
(club mosses)

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16
Q

Extinct dichotomously branched plants,
sometimes with spiny axes. Sporangia
on side of axes; Early-late Devonian

A

Zosterophylls
(Sawdonia)

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17
Q

Extinct fern-like plants with woody tissue; Mid-Upper Devonian

A

Progymnosperms
(Archaeopteris)

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18
Q

Vascular seeded plants are
divided into plants with naked
seeds,______and
plants with seeds enclosed by
fruit,___________

A

the gymnosperms,
the angiosperms.

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19
Q

Large-leaved plants with sporangia on the
lower surface; Mid-Devonian-Recent

A

Pteridophytes
(ferns)

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20
Q

Plants with leaves and branches fused in
whorls. Fertile branches have terminal cones ; Late Devonian-Recent

A

Sphenophytes
(horsetails)

21
Q

The most important
groups of Gymnosperms
are the

A

Conifers, Cycads,
and Ginkgoes.

22
Q

are the flowering plants, the
dominant living flora.

A

Angiosperms

23
Q

Fern-like plants with spores on the leaves; Late Devonian-Jurassic

A

Seed ferns

24
Q

Woody trees with needle or scale-like leaves. Seeds in cones; Early Carboniferous-Recent

A

Conifers

25
Q

Woody, stemmed plants with palm- or fern-like leaves and cones; Early Carboniferous-Recent

A

Cycads

26
Q

Extinct plants that resemble cycads but have flower-like cones; Triassic-late Cretaceous

A

Bennettitales
(Cycadeoidea)

27
Q

Woody trees with fan-shaped leaves.
Cones absent; Late Triassic-Recent

A

Cinkgoales
(ginkgoes)

28
Q

Unusual group with cone clusters resembling flowers; Late Triassic-Recent

A

Cnetales
(gnetae)

29
Q

Plants with flowers. Seeds enclosed within a fruit; Cretaceous-Recent

A

Angiosperms
(flowering plants)

30
Q

Two morphologically distinct vegetative phases can exist in plants

A

the gametophyte and
sporophyte stages.

31
Q

THE OLDEST FOSSILIZED NONVASCULAR PLANTS ARE_________ DESCRIBED FROM THE LOWER DEVONIAN OF BELGIUM

A

LIVENVORTS

32
Q

THE OLDEST
TRUE VASCULAR PLANT IS

A

COOKSONIA

33
Q

ADVANCED SPORE- BEARING PLANTS WITH TRUE LEAVES AND ROOTS EVOLVED
DURING THE DEVONIAN

A

LYCOPODS (CLUB MOSSES), SPHENOPHYTES(HORSETAILS),
PTERIDOPHYTES (FERNS), AND PROGYMNOSPERMS(PRECURSORS TO THE SEEDBEARING GYMNOSPERMS).

34
Q

are those
plants with exposed seeds.

A

Gymnosperms

35
Q

those plant
that flower and produces
seed within the fruit.

A

Angiosperms-

36
Q

their internal structure
is very different with
spore-bearing ferns
Probably developed
from

A

progymnosperms

37
Q

are a group of cone-bearing seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms.
mainly occupy dry environments and were the most important plants during Carboniferous and the Permian
Period.

A

Conifers

38
Q

is an important genus of extinct gymnosperms, related to or representing the earliest conifers. This was very distinctive upper paleozoic coniferophyte

A

Cordaites

39
Q

have large and compound leaves like ferns and palms. The stems or trunks are usually unbranched and covered with
scalelike leaf bases

A

Cycads

40
Q

are large, densely branched trees with
entire or bilobed leaves. Fossil ginkgo
leaves closely resemble the modern foliage.

A

Gingkoes

41
Q

refers to an order of seed plants that include three families:
Gnetaceae, Welwitschiaceae, and Ephedraceae T they might share a common ancestor with the angiosperms

A

Gnetales

42
Q

Sphenophyte
Carboniferous
is the stem remains of the extinct giant horsetail, although it is commonly used to describe the entire plant. usually preserved
as Cast. The figured stem fragment is 18 cm in length

A

CALAMITES

43
Q

Lycophyte
Carboniferous
it is part of the rootstock on which the massive trunk of the fossil lycopod, Lepidodendron rested. it is horizontal, branched, underground axes with small root-like appendages Length figure is 15
cm

A

STIGMARIA

44
Q

Sphenophyte
Carboniferous-Permian
is foliage associated with the giant horsetail Calamites. has slender leaflets with approximately 4cm height Individual leaves were fused at their bases and have a
single, unbranched vein running along
the length of the leaf

A

ANNULARIA

45
Q

Upper Carboniferous
Foliage associated with the horsetail Sphenophyllum (a sphenophyte). Contemporary with the giant horsetails, these forms were similar to the modern herbaceous species, Equisetum.
Whorls of wedge-shaped leaflets encircled the slender stems. Leaflets had dichotomously branched veins and were
approximately 1 cm in length.

A

SPHENOPHYLLUM

46
Q

Lacophyte
Carboniferous-Permian

Is a genus of extinct spore bearing arborescent lycophyte. Figure stem fragment is 6cm in length

A

Sigillaria

47
Q

Pteridophyte
Devonian-Permian
Part of the foliage of the extinct fern Sphenopteris Fronds have
distinctive lobed pinnules. The figured section of frond is 6 cm in length

A

Sphenopteris

48
Q

Lycophyte
Upper Carboniferous
Section of a branch showing the
characteristic pattern of Lepidodendron leaf bases. leaves have linear with a swollen
attachment area. leaf size varied
between species, and mainly restricted to smaller branches
Leaf cushions are approximately 3 cm in length

A

LEPIDODENDRON

49
Q

Seed Fern
Upper Carboniferous
Frond of Mariopteris
were generally small
(50cm in length) and
some specimens had
thread-like tendrills at
the leaftips

A

MARIOPTERIS

Paleontology (8 decks)

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