Land Plants

Question 1

Land plants probably originated from _____________ as evidence of nonvascular
plants evolved during the Silurian but the earliest fossils of nonvascular plants
are from the Lower Devonian.

Answer 1

green algae

Question 2

Plants became independent from their aquatic habitats from the development
of

Answer 2

vascular tissues.

Question 3

Period was a period of rapid plant diversification, characterized by the
appearance of seed-bearing plants and the first forests.

Answer 3

Devonian

Question 4

Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems were dominated by

Answer 4

conifers, cycads, and
ferns

Question 5

diversified spectacularly in the Cretaceous and are the most
abundant group of plants

Answer 5

Flowering plants

Question 6

The fossil record of plants is typically

Answer 6

fragmentary

Question 7

Other plants become broken up or fragmented due to

Answer 7

taphonomic processes

Question 8

Plant material may also be preserved as

Answer 8

molds
or casts.

Question 9

There are three important groups of Nonvascular plants all of which are extant:

Answer 9

Hornworts, Liverworts, and Mosses.

Question 10

Similar to liverworts but sporangia are able to grow continously; Early Devonian-Recent

Answer 10

Nonvascular plants(hornworts)

Question 11

Small plants with a flattened leaf-like body(thallus); Late Devonian-Recent

Answer 11

Hepatophytes(liverworts)

Question 12

Filamentous mat with simple leaves and root-like structures (rhizoids)

Answer 12

Bryophytes(mosses)

Question 13

Seedless vascular plants
include three extinct groups,
and three groups with living
relatives:

Answer 13

Club mosses, Ferns,
and Horsetails.

Question 14

Extinct plants with dichotomously branched, simple axes. Sporangia terminal; Silurian-early Devonian

Answer 14

Rhyniophytes
(Cooksonia)

Question 15

Leafy plants with sporangia on upper surface of leaves or at the leaf-stem intersect; Late Silurian-Recent

Answer 15

Lycop hytes
(club mosses)

Question 16

Extinct dichotomously branched plants,
sometimes with spiny axes. Sporangia
on side of axes; Early-late Devonian

Answer 16

Zosterophylls
(Sawdonia)

Question 17

Extinct fern-like plants with woody tissue; Mid-Upper Devonian

Answer 17

Progymnosperms
(Archaeopteris)

Question 18

Vascular seeded plants are
divided into plants with naked
seeds,______and
plants with seeds enclosed by
fruit,___________

Answer 18

the gymnosperms,
the angiosperms.

Question 19

Large-leaved plants with sporangia on the
lower surface; Mid-Devonian-Recent

Answer 19

Pteridophytes
(ferns)

Question 20

Plants with leaves and branches fused in
whorls. Fertile branches have terminal cones ; Late Devonian-Recent

Answer 20

Sphenophytes
(horsetails)

Question 21

The most important
groups of Gymnosperms
are the

Answer 21

Conifers, Cycads,
and Ginkgoes.

Question 22

are the flowering plants, the
dominant living flora.

Answer 22

Angiosperms

Question 23

Fern-like plants with spores on the leaves; Late Devonian-Jurassic

Answer 23

Seed ferns

Question 24

Woody trees with needle or scale-like leaves. Seeds in cones; Early Carboniferous-Recent

Answer 24

Conifers

Question 25

Woody, stemmed plants with palm- or fern-like leaves and cones; Early Carboniferous-Recent

Answer 25

Cycads

Question 26

Extinct plants that resemble cycads but have flower-like cones; Triassic-late Cretaceous

Answer 26

Bennettitales (Cycadeoidea)

Question 27

Woody trees with fan-shaped leaves. Cones absent; Late Triassic-Recent

Answer 27

Cinkgoales (ginkgoes)

Question 28

Unusual group with cone clusters resembling flowers; Late Triassic-Recent

Answer 28

Cnetales (gnetae)

Question 29

Plants with flowers. Seeds enclosed within a fruit; Cretaceous-Recent

Answer 29

Angiosperms (flowering plants)

Question 30

Two morphologically distinct vegetative phases can exist in plants

Answer 30

the gametophyte and sporophyte stages.

Question 31

THE OLDEST FOSSILIZED NONVASCULAR PLANTS ARE_________ DESCRIBED FROM THE LOWER DEVONIAN OF BELGIUM

Answer 31

LIVENVORTS

Question 32

THE OLDEST TRUE VASCULAR PLANT IS

Answer 32

COOKSONIA

Question 33

ADVANCED SPORE- BEARING PLANTS WITH TRUE LEAVES AND ROOTS EVOLVED DURING THE DEVONIAN

Answer 33

LYCOPODS (CLUB MOSSES), SPHENOPHYTES(HORSETAILS), PTERIDOPHYTES (FERNS), AND PROGYMNOSPERMS(PRECURSORS TO THE SEEDBEARING GYMNOSPERMS).

Question 34

are those plants with exposed seeds.

Answer 34

Gymnosperms

Question 35

those plant that flower and produces seed within the fruit.

Answer 35

Angiosperms-

Question 36

their internal structure is very different with spore-bearing ferns Probably developed from

Answer 36

progymnosperms

Question 37

are a group of cone-bearing seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms. mainly occupy dry environments and were the most important plants during Carboniferous and the Permian Period.

Answer 37

Conifers

Question 38

is an important genus of extinct gymnosperms, related to or representing the earliest conifers. This was very distinctive upper paleozoic coniferophyte

Answer 38

Cordaites

Question 39

have large and compound leaves like ferns and palms. The stems or trunks are usually unbranched and covered with scalelike leaf bases

Answer 39

Cycads

Question 40

are large, densely branched trees with entire or bilobed leaves. Fossil ginkgo leaves closely resemble the modern foliage.

Answer 40

Gingkoes

Question 41

refers to an order of seed plants that include three families: Gnetaceae, Welwitschiaceae, and Ephedraceae T they might share a common ancestor with the angiosperms

Answer 41

Gnetales

Question 42

Sphenophyte Carboniferous is the stem remains of the extinct giant horsetail, although it is commonly used to describe the entire plant. usually preserved as Cast. The figured stem fragment is 18 cm in length

Answer 42

CALAMITES

Question 43

Lycophyte Carboniferous it is part of the rootstock on which the massive trunk of the fossil lycopod, Lepidodendron rested. it is horizontal, branched, underground axes with small root-like appendages Length figure is 15 cm

Answer 43

STIGMARIA

Question 44

Sphenophyte Carboniferous-Permian is foliage associated with the giant horsetail Calamites. has slender leaflets with approximately 4cm height Individual leaves were fused at their bases and have a single, unbranched vein running along the length of the leaf

Answer 44

ANNULARIA

Question 45

Upper Carboniferous Foliage associated with the horsetail Sphenophyllum (a sphenophyte). Contemporary with the giant horsetails, these forms were similar to the modern herbaceous species, Equisetum. Whorls of wedge-shaped leaflets encircled the slender stems. Leaflets had dichotomously branched veins and were approximately 1 cm in length.

Answer 45

SPHENOPHYLLUM

Question 46

Lacophyte Carboniferous-Permian Is a genus of extinct spore bearing arborescent lycophyte. Figure stem fragment is 6cm in length

Answer 46

Sigillaria

Question 47

Pteridophyte Devonian-Permian Part of the foliage of the extinct fern Sphenopteris Fronds have distinctive lobed pinnules. The figured section of frond is 6 cm in length

Answer 47

Sphenopteris

Question 48

Lycophyte Upper Carboniferous Section of a branch showing the characteristic pattern of Lepidodendron leaf bases. leaves have linear with a swollen attachment area. leaf size varied between species, and mainly restricted to smaller branches Leaf cushions are approximately 3 cm in length

Answer 48

LEPIDODENDRON

Question 49

Seed Fern Upper Carboniferous Frond of Mariopteris were generally small (50cm in length) and some specimens had thread-like tendrills at the leaftips

Answer 49

MARIOPTERIS