Land Flashcards
What are the 2 main sources of visible light?
Natural and Man made
What are the 5 environmental factors that affect EO?
Sun (Sunrise and Sunset provides low light conditions and shadowing)
Precipitation (Light scatters through rain mist drizzle)
Cloud (Obscures view, creates shadows)
Visibility (Sand, dust, haze)
Fog (Dense particles)
Two types of zoom?
Optical Zoom (Change in focal length) Digital Zoom (Image magnified, can reduce resolution/quality).
What are the 3 primary IR absorbers of IR energy?
H2O, Co2 & Ozone
What are the 2 main attenuators that can affect IR detection?
Absorption & Scattering
What are some advantages of using SWIR sensors?
Displays contrasts and shadows similar to visible spectrum.
Can see through glass.
What are the key factors of a perfect Blackbody?
A Star
100% Emissivity
0% Reflectivity
How do you calculate Radiant Flux?
Material Temperature x Emissivity Factor = Radiant Flux
What are the four factors that determine an objects thermal response?
Absorptivity
Thermal Capacity
Thermal Conductivity
Surface area to mass ratio
What are the two IR detectability Temperatures?
Minimum Resolution Temperature
Minimum Detectivity Temperature
When does Radiometric crossover happen?
+/- 1 Hour Sunrise/Sunset
What happens to soil density when it’s dug up?
Density reduces as air is intermixed, displays ‘cold’ on IR.
What is blooming?
Light from a bright source leaks into the surrounding pixels, obscuring the view of nearby objects.
What are the Hawthorn-Thomas reasons to identify objects?
Shadow Surroundings Shape Size Shades and tone
What are the three main segments of GPS?
Space Segment - Consists of 24 satellites in a orbit
User Segment - Consists of GPS receivers
Control Segment - System of tracking stations around globe
What does GODBEE stand for?
Get Information Orientate Discuss Brief Execute Evaluate
What does CLEWS stand for?
Cover Line of Sight Escape Route Weapons Spotters
DATA LINKS
What should a modern TDL provide?
Accuracy, Speed, Security, Distribution, Clear, unambiguous format in an agreed standard and format.
What is the definition of a Digital Data Link?
Automatic means of passing data in an agreed format and speed over a common medium.
What is a tactical data link?
A digital data link carries sufficient data close enough to real time to be useful in tactical situation. Generally accepted to be 20 seconds or less.
What does a TDL feed into?
Common Operational Picture (COP)
What is a COP?
A common operating picture is a single point of reference of those involved and supports joint decision making.
What will a TDL report?
Tracks (Hostile, Friendly and unknown).
Position, Heading, Speed, Altitude
Tactical Orders – Fire Control, Aircraft Control, EW Co-Ordination
What will a TDL provide support to?
Operational Intelligence Surveillance Reconnaissance Engagement and Weapon Status Information ID of Friendly Forces Conduit for Information Exchange
What common attributes must a TDL have for forces to operate together?
Bearer Format Document Interpretation Parameters Real Time Agreed Operating Procedures
What does a TDL architecture consist of?
Sensor
Data Handling/Display
Crypto
Comms
How can a TDL be propagated?
Radio
Landline
SATCOM
Microwave
What are the 3 fundamental types of TDL system?
Point to Point – Asset to Asset
Broadcast – One asset broadcasts to all assets one way (Simplex)
Netted – All assets on the same network communicate in all directions (Duplex)
What are the TDL modes of operation?
Simplex (One way only)
Duplex ( Two way simultaneously (telephone)
Semi-Duplex (Not simultaneously)
What are the STANAG for Data Links?
Link 11 – 5511
Link 16 – 5516
What is PPLI?
Link 16 units transmit Precise Participant Location Identification messages establishing their position.
What does Link 16 symbology indicate?
Colour indicates hostility
Shape indicates environment
What document would contain the frequencies and crypto details to use for a mission?
OPTASK
What symbology colour indicates what level of hostility on Link 16?
Yellow – Pending
Blue – Friendly
Green – Neutral
Red – Hostile
MGRS Military Grid Reference System
What 3 components make up MGRS?:
Grid Zone Designator ’41R’ (GZD) 180
100km Letters ‘NP’ (Column and Row omitting I/O)
Grid References 983 014 (Made up of between 2 and 10 as required for accuracy)
Precision Level
2 digits 10km
4 digits 1km
6 digits 100m
8 digits 10m
10 digits 1m
Three common formats of geographic coordinates
Degrees Minutes Seconds (30m accuracy)
40 degrees 51 mins 40 seconds N
Degrees Decimal Minutes
40 degrees 51 mins .66 N
Decimal Degrees 40.866 N
Why is MGRS derived from UPS at the poles instead of UTM?
Due to the elliptical shape of the earth.
What is FSCM?
Fire Support Coordination Measures
A defined area on the ground together with the airspace required for weapon trajectory.
What is a Coordinated Fire Line?
A line beyond which conventional surface fire support means may fire at anytime without additional coordination.
What is a Fire Support Coordination Line?
Provide a measure for coordination between ground elements and supporting forces without endangering friendly forces in the air or on the ground.
What is a Kill Box?
Three dimensional Fire Support Coordination Measure used to facilitate air to surface attack. Kill box allows a lethal attack against surface targets without further coordination.
Restrictive Airspace Measures include:
No Fire Area (no fires are allowed except if temp authed). Protect civilians/populated areas.
Restrictive Fire Area (Must coordinate in order to deliver weapons).
What is CGRS?
Common Geographic Reference System
Reference system based on lat long. Requires an origin, assign cell dimensions / labels.
Killbox into 1-9 Keypad into Quadrants. E.g 7F 9 SW
What is GARS?
Global Area Reference System. World divided in 30 min cells. Opposite of CGRS.
Aircrew operating in a kill Box must execute in accordance with:
ROEs, LOAC, SPINS, ATO
What are the two types of Kill Box?
Blue
Air to surface fires without further coordination
Purple
As above plus integrates surface to surface indirect fires without further coordination
Kill Box Terms
Established – Kill Box is planned, approved with effective time and disseminated
Effective Time – Kill Box effective time begins when the Kill Box status is scheduled to become hot and ends when the Kill Box is cancelled
On Order – Triggered by an event
Cancelled
What is Absorptivity?
A measure of how much radiation is absorbed by an object. (E.g bricks are high, metal is low).
What is Thermal Capacity?
Objects ability to hold/store energy / Amount of heat object can hold.
What is Thermal Conductivity?
Amount of heat object can conduct.
What factors determine the number of Satellites a receiver can lock onto?
- How many are in the view of the device
* How many Satellites the receivers hardware can accept
What are the 2 vulnerability types that can affect a GPS signal?
- Intentional - Spoofing / Jamming
* Unintentional - Radio / VHF interference
What is electromagnetic interference?
EMI is a disturbance generated by an external source that affects an electrical circuit. GPS can be interfered with by nearby radio/radar.
Harmonics can also have an impact.
What are the 3 levels of DTED?
- Level 0 - 900M (30 arc seconds)
- Level 1 - 90M (3 arc seconds)
- Level 2 - 30M (1 arc seconds)
How many frequencies does GPS broadcast on?
- L1 - 1575
* L2 - 1227
How does GPS calculate your location?
GPS receiver determines its own location by measuring the time it takes for a signal to arrive at it’s location the satellite.
What are the GPS codes and what are they used for? .
- C/A Codes - Transmitted on L1 only.
* P Code - Transmitted on L1 and L2. 10 times higher chip rate than C/A. Designed for Military use
What are the target geolocation models?
DTM - Digital Terrain Model
DEM / DSM - Digital Elevation (Surface) Model (Includes buildings and objects).
What are the 5 main factors affecting IR detection?
Contrast
Emmissivity - Ability of an objects surface to emit energy by radiation
Radiometric Crossover
Density
System Saturation - Saturation and blooming
What is CCD? How does it work?
Charged Couple Device - Converts light into electrical charges
What is the Contrast Threshold?
Where 50% of observers can detect the target
What is Detection, Recognition and Identification?
“Something is there - It’s a person - It’s a fireman”
2 Methods of determining size?
Scaling and measurement
What are the 2 types of control?
Positive Control - Relies on radar returns, IFF, Data links or other electrical means to identify and track.
Procedural Control - Relies on previously agreed to and disseminated orders and procedures.
Positive - Under control using radar/other ground based systems to manage air traffic.
Procedural - Without ground based systems relies on mutually agreed and promulgated orders. e.g Oceanic routes over North Atlantic
What is an ACM?
Airspace Control Means - reserves airspace for specific use (should be flexible to meet demands).
What info is in an ATO?
Air Tasking Order - Call-signs / formations / IFF’s / Timings / Locations / Standby times / Mission type
How long is an ATO valid for?
72 Hours
What are SPINS?
Special Instructions
What is an ACO?
Air Control Order
How long is the ATO cycle?
72 Hours
What is a transit corridor?
Bi-directional route with minimum risk combat traffic.
What is a safe lane?
Connect airbase to land site,
What is an AAR?
Air to Air refuelling area
What is the target location error?
The unknown space between where the laser hits and the ground.
What is the difference between an LRF and LTD/LTM?
Laser Range Finder (LRF) - determining distance
Laser Target Marker (LTM) - marks a specific place or object (indicates points of interest on the ground from aircraft).
Laser Target Designator (LTD) or Laser Range Designator (LRD) - designate a target (target for laser guided bombs and missiles). Requires a specific code (PRF – 4 digit).
What are the cons of using LRF?
Can be picked up by laser warning receivers / Affected by weather conditions and Laser bore sight error.
What is a WEZ/MEZ/FEZ?
Weapons Engagement Zone
Missile Engagement Zone
Fires Engagement Zone
What is a base defence zone?
Engagement zones established around an airbase with defined dimensions. Have specific entry and exit points.
What is a HIDACZ?
High
Area of defined dimensions. Access controlled. Numerous / varied uses.
What is a ROZ?
Restricted Operating Zone
3 ways to maintain Airspace Seperation?
Position / Laterally
Position / Vertically
Time
Factors Affecting GPS?
Antenna needs clear LOS
Affected by electrical thunder storms and heavy rain.
2 Vulnerabilities affecting GPS Signal?
Jamming and Spoofing
Interference
What is / what causes Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)?
Being harmonic
Being close to signal / receiver
2 Sources of IR Energy?
Passive radiation - sun
Active radiation - man made
What is Radiant Flux
Amount of emitted IR from an object
PAW and SAW
Primary and Secondary Atmospheric Window Values?
PAW - 8-14 wavelengths
SAW - 3-5 wavelengths
6 things to Control and RPAS?
RPAS Satalite Fibre Optics Ground Control System Ground Data Terminal Fixed Site Sat Terminal
What is the issue when using digital zoom compared to optical?
The image becomes more pixilated
2 sources of IR energy?
Passive radiation
Active radiation
5 main factors affecting IR detection?
Contrast Emmisivity Radiometric crossover Density System saturation
What is MER?
Maximum effective range
Max distance a weapon can be fired whilst causing an effect
