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1
Q

What are the 2 main sources of visible light?

A

Natural and Man made

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2
Q

What are the 5 environmental factors that affect EO?

A

Sun (Sunrise and Sunset provides low light conditions and shadowing)
Precipitation (Light scatters through rain mist drizzle)
Cloud (Obscures view, creates shadows)
Visibility (Sand, dust, haze)
Fog (Dense particles)

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3
Q

Two types of zoom?

A 
Optical Zoom (Change in focal length)  
Digital Zoom (Image magnified, can reduce resolution/quality).
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4
Q

What are the 3 primary IR absorbers of IR energy?

A

H2O, Co2 & Ozone

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5
Q

What are the 2 main attenuators that can affect IR detection?

A

Absorption & Scattering

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6
Q

What are some advantages of using SWIR sensors?

A

Displays contrasts and shadows similar to visible spectrum.

Can see through glass.

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7
Q

What are the key factors of a perfect Blackbody?

A

A Star
100% Emissivity
0% Reflectivity

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8
Q

How do you calculate Radiant Flux?

A

Material Temperature x Emissivity Factor = Radiant Flux

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9
Q

What are the four factors that determine an objects thermal response?

A

Absorptivity
Thermal Capacity
Thermal Conductivity
Surface area to mass ratio

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10
Q

What are the two IR detectability Temperatures?

A

Minimum Resolution Temperature

Minimum Detectivity Temperature

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11
Q

When does Radiometric crossover happen?

A

+/- 1 Hour Sunrise/Sunset

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12
Q

What happens to soil density when it’s dug up?

A

Density reduces as air is intermixed, displays ‘cold’ on IR.

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13
Q

What is blooming?

A

Light from a bright source leaks into the surrounding pixels, obscuring the view of nearby objects.

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14
Q

What are the Hawthorn-Thomas reasons to identify objects?

A 
Shadow 
Surroundings 
Shape 
Size 
Shades and tone
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15
Q

What are the three main segments of GPS?

A

Space Segment - Consists of 24 satellites in a orbit
User Segment - Consists of GPS receivers
Control Segment - System of tracking stations around globe

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16
Q

What does GODBEE stand for?

A 
Get Information 
Orientate 
Discuss 
Brief 
Execute 
Evaluate
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17
Q

What does CLEWS stand for?

A 
Cover 
Line of Sight 
Escape Route 
Weapons 
Spotters
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18
Q

DATA LINKS

What should a modern TDL provide?

A

Accuracy, Speed, Security, Distribution, Clear, unambiguous format in an agreed standard and format.

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19
Q

What is the definition of a Digital Data Link?

A

Automatic means of passing data in an agreed format and speed over a common medium.

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20
Q

What is a tactical data link?

A

A digital data link carries sufficient data close enough to real time to be useful in tactical situation. Generally accepted to be 20 seconds or less.

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21
Q

What does a TDL feed into?

A

Common Operational Picture (COP)

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22
Q

What is a COP?

A

A common operating picture is a single point of reference of those involved and supports joint decision making.

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23
Q

What will a TDL report?

A

Tracks (Hostile, Friendly and unknown).
Position, Heading, Speed, Altitude
Tactical Orders – Fire Control, Aircraft Control, EW Co-Ordination

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24
Q

What will a TDL provide support to?

A 
Operational Intelligence 
Surveillance 
Reconnaissance 
Engagement and Weapon Status Information 
ID of Friendly Forces 
Conduit for Information Exchange
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25
Q

What common attributes must a TDL have for forces to operate together?

A 
Bearer 
Format 
Document Interpretation 
Parameters 
Real Time 
Agreed Operating Procedures
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26
Q

What does a TDL architecture consist of?

A

Sensor
Data Handling/Display
Crypto
Comms

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27
Q

How can a TDL be propagated?

A

Radio
Landline
SATCOM
Microwave

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28
Q

What are the 3 fundamental types of TDL system?

A

Point to Point – Asset to Asset
Broadcast – One asset broadcasts to all assets one way (Simplex)
Netted – All assets on the same network communicate in all directions (Duplex)

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29
Q

What are the TDL modes of operation?

A

Simplex (One way only)
Duplex ( Two way simultaneously (telephone)
Semi-Duplex (Not simultaneously)

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30
Q

What are the STANAG for Data Links?

A

Link 11 – 5511

Link 16 – 5516

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31
Q

What is PPLI?

A

Link 16 units transmit Precise Participant Location Identification messages establishing their position.

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32
Q

What does Link 16 symbology indicate?

A

Colour indicates hostility

Shape indicates environment

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33
Q

What document would contain the frequencies and crypto details to use for a mission?

A

OPTASK

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34
Q

What symbology colour indicates what level of hostility on Link 16?

A

Yellow – Pending
Blue – Friendly
Green – Neutral
Red – Hostile

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35
Q

MGRS Military Grid Reference System

What 3 components make up MGRS?:

A

Grid Zone Designator ’41R’ (GZD) 180

100km Letters ‘NP’ (Column and Row omitting I/O)

Grid References 983 014 (Made up of between 2 and 10 as required for accuracy)

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36
Q

Precision Level

A

2 digits 10km

4 digits 1km

6 digits 100m

8 digits 10m

10 digits 1m

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37
Q

Three common formats of geographic coordinates

A

Degrees Minutes Seconds (30m accuracy)
40 degrees 51 mins 40 seconds N

Degrees Decimal Minutes
40 degrees 51 mins .66 N

Decimal Degrees 40.866 N

38
Q

Why is MGRS derived from UPS at the poles instead of UTM?

A

Due to the elliptical shape of the earth.

39
Q

What is FSCM?

A

Fire Support Coordination Measures

A defined area on the ground together with the airspace required for weapon trajectory.

40
Q

What is a Coordinated Fire Line?

A

A line beyond which conventional surface fire support means may fire at anytime without additional coordination.

41
Q

What is a Fire Support Coordination Line?

A

Provide a measure for coordination between ground elements and supporting forces without endangering friendly forces in the air or on the ground.

42
Q

What is a Kill Box?

A

Three dimensional Fire Support Coordination Measure used to facilitate air to surface attack. Kill box allows a lethal attack against surface targets without further coordination.

43
Q

Restrictive Airspace Measures include:

A

No Fire Area (no fires are allowed except if temp authed). Protect civilians/populated areas.

Restrictive Fire Area (Must coordinate in order to deliver weapons).

44
Q

What is CGRS?

A

Common Geographic Reference System
Reference system based on lat long. Requires an origin, assign cell dimensions / labels.
Killbox into 1-9 Keypad into Quadrants. E.g 7F 9 SW

45
Q

What is GARS?

A

Global Area Reference System. World divided in 30 min cells. Opposite of CGRS.

Aircrew operating in a kill Box must execute in accordance with:

ROEs, LOAC, SPINS, ATO

46
Q

What are the two types of Kill Box?

A

Blue
Air to surface fires without further coordination

Purple
As above plus integrates surface to surface indirect fires without further coordination

47
Q

Kill Box Terms

A

Established – Kill Box is planned, approved with effective time and disseminated

Effective Time – Kill Box effective time begins when the Kill Box status is scheduled to become hot and ends when the Kill Box is cancelled

On Order – Triggered by an event

Cancelled

48
Q

What is Absorptivity?

A

A measure of how much radiation is absorbed by an object. (E.g bricks are high, metal is low).

49
Q

What is Thermal Capacity?

A

Objects ability to hold/store energy / Amount of heat object can hold.

50
Q

What is Thermal Conductivity?

A

Amount of heat object can conduct.

51
Q

What factors determine the number of Satellites a receiver can lock onto?

A
  • How many are in the view of the device

* How many Satellites the receivers hardware can accept

52
Q

What are the 2 vulnerability types that can affect a GPS signal?

A
  • Intentional - Spoofing / Jamming

* Unintentional - Radio / VHF interference

53
Q

What is electromagnetic interference?

A

EMI is a disturbance generated by an external source that affects an electrical circuit. GPS can be interfered with by nearby radio/radar.
Harmonics can also have an impact.

54
Q

What are the 3 levels of DTED?

A
  • Level 0 - 900M (30 arc seconds)
  • Level 1 - 90M (3 arc seconds)
  • Level 2 - 30M (1 arc seconds)
55
Q

How many frequencies does GPS broadcast on?

A
  • L1 - 1575

* L2 - 1227

56
Q

How does GPS calculate your location?

A

GPS receiver determines its own location by measuring the time it takes for a signal to arrive at it’s location the satellite.

57
Q

What are the GPS codes and what are they used for? .

A
  • C/A Codes - Transmitted on L1 only.

* P Code - Transmitted on L1 and L2. 10 times higher chip rate than C/A. Designed for Military use

58
Q

What are the target geolocation models?

A

DTM - Digital Terrain Model

DEM / DSM - Digital Elevation (Surface) Model (Includes buildings and objects).

59
Q

What are the 5 main factors affecting IR detection?

A

Contrast
Emmissivity - Ability of an objects surface to emit energy by radiation
Radiometric Crossover
Density
System Saturation - Saturation and blooming

60
Q

What is CCD? How does it work?

A

Charged Couple Device - Converts light into electrical charges

61
Q

What is the Contrast Threshold?

A

Where 50% of observers can detect the target

62
Q

What is Detection, Recognition and Identification?

A

“Something is there - It’s a person - It’s a fireman”

63
Q

2 Methods of determining size?

A

Scaling and measurement

64
Q

What are the 2 types of control?

A

Positive Control - Relies on radar returns, IFF, Data links or other electrical means to identify and track.

Procedural Control - Relies on previously agreed to and disseminated orders and procedures.

Positive - Under control using radar/other ground based systems to manage air traffic.
Procedural - Without ground based systems relies on mutually agreed and promulgated orders. e.g Oceanic routes over North Atlantic

65
Q

What is an ACM?

A

Airspace Control Means - reserves airspace for specific use (should be flexible to meet demands).

66
Q

What info is in an ATO?

A

Air Tasking Order - Call-signs / formations / IFF’s / Timings / Locations / Standby times / Mission type

67
Q

How long is an ATO valid for?

A

72 Hours

68
Q

What are SPINS?

A

Special Instructions

69
Q

What is an ACO?

A

Air Control Order

70
Q

How long is the ATO cycle?

A

72 Hours

71
Q

What is a transit corridor?

A

Bi-directional route with minimum risk combat traffic.

72
Q

What is a safe lane?

A

Connect airbase to land site,

73
Q

What is an AAR?

A

Air to Air refuelling area

74
Q

What is the target location error?

A

The unknown space between where the laser hits and the ground.

75
Q

What is the difference between an LRF and LTD/LTM?

A

Laser Range Finder (LRF) - determining distance

Laser Target Marker (LTM) - marks a specific place or object (indicates points of interest on the ground from aircraft).

Laser Target Designator (LTD) or Laser Range Designator (LRD) - designate a target (target for laser guided bombs and missiles). Requires a specific code (PRF – 4 digit).

76
Q

What are the cons of using LRF?

A

Can be picked up by laser warning receivers / Affected by weather conditions and Laser bore sight error.

77
Q

What is a WEZ/MEZ/FEZ?

A

Weapons Engagement Zone
Missile Engagement Zone
Fires Engagement Zone

78
Q

What is a base defence zone?

A

Engagement zones established around an airbase with defined dimensions. Have specific entry and exit points.

79
Q

What is a HIDACZ?

A

High

Area of defined dimensions. Access controlled. Numerous / varied uses.

80
Q

What is a ROZ?

A

Restricted Operating Zone

81
Q

3 ways to maintain Airspace Seperation?

A

Position / Laterally
Position / Vertically
Time

82
Q

Factors Affecting GPS?

A

Antenna needs clear LOS

Affected by electrical thunder storms and heavy rain.

83
Q

2 Vulnerabilities affecting GPS Signal?

A

Jamming and Spoofing

Interference

84
Q

What is / what causes Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)?

A

Being harmonic

Being close to signal / receiver

85
Q

2 Sources of IR Energy?

A

Passive radiation - sun

Active radiation - man made

86
Q

What is Radiant Flux

A

Amount of emitted IR from an object

87
Q

PAW and SAW

Primary and Secondary Atmospheric Window Values?

A

PAW - 8-14 wavelengths

SAW - 3-5 wavelengths

88
Q

6 things to Control and RPAS?

A 
RPAS
Satalite 
Fibre Optics
Ground Control System 
Ground Data Terminal 
Fixed Site Sat Terminal
89
Q

What is the issue when using digital zoom compared to optical?

A

The image becomes more pixilated

90
Q

2 sources of IR energy?

A

Passive radiation

Active radiation

91
Q

5 main factors affecting IR detection?

A 
Contrast 
Emmisivity 
Radiometric crossover 
Density 
System saturation
92
Q

What is MER?

A

Maximum effective range

Max distance a weapon can be fired whilst causing an effect

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