Lamb and Kid Disease Flashcards
what is lamb mortality rate between pregnancy and weaning? when do most of losses occur?
10-30%
70% in lambs under 3 weeks; 80-90% of these losses in first week
70% of lamb mortality is related to _______ rather than _______
management; infectious disease
what are some general causes of lamb death
abortion
weak lambs at birth
parturition issues
hypothermia
starvation*
hypoglycemia*
septicemia
penumonia
diarrhea
predation***
out of all the stillbirth, abortion, and weak newborn causes, how many are due to infectious disease? what are some common infectious diseases?
60-70%
Toxoplasma, Chlamydiophila abortus (enzootic abortion), Campylobacter fetus (vibriosis)
which are ZOONOTIC: Toxoplasma, Chlamydiophila abortus (enzootic abortion), Campylobacter fetus (vibriosis)
ALL of these
in late winter and early spring, producer finds these lesions on placenta of stillborn/aborted/weak newborns. you diagnose ______ based on the placental lesions, H&E stain, and serology? how do you treat the flock?
Toxoplasma
decoquinate
a producer reports fevers, abortions 2 weeks before lambing, stillbirths, and weak lambs. you diagnose Chlamydophila abortus (enzootic abortion). how do you treat? what vaccination do you recommend?
tetracycline
vaccine: Bacteria available from US (Colorado serum cpy)
you are investigating a rash of 3rd trimester spring abortions and weak limbs born dead. you note thickened placentas with grey cotyledons and fetal livers with necrotic foci 1-2 cm wide (image). what are you suspicious of?
how will you diagnose, treat, and vaccinate for this?
vibriosis from Campylobacter fetus
Giemsa stain or PCR
tetracycline to treat
Bacterin vaccine
what are 5 potential things to include in a protocol for abortion
- separate animal from flock
- wearing a DISPOSABLE GLOVE remove fetus and placenta, place in a strong garbage bag and REFRIGERATE, or put somewhere cool out of reach of animals
- monitor rest of flock for abortions and manage as above
- develop intervention level, eg. 2% of flock aborts –> submit to lab
- do not be PREGNANT OR ILL and around flock
what % of mortality related to dystocia
18% mortality related to dystocia
(think he is saying dystocia has 18% mortality rate? or maybe that of all lamb/kid mortality 18% is related to dystocia?)
what factors may contribute or cause mismothering
lambing in group housing - more likely to have mismothering with many ewes who are close together
physical conditions preventing ewe to lick off lamb - primiparous or systemic illness of mom
stealing of lamb by another ewe - often once thief has own lamb will lose interest
iatrogenic
the top cause of death in lambs and kids in the first 48 hours
hypothermia - 19% of lamb death
why are lambs and kids terrible at avoiding hypothermia
born wet
outdoors is windy (strictly speaking this is not their fault)
lack of fleece (depending on breed)
large surface area, small BW
sometimes twins and triplets
lack of shelter
thin doe or ewe
ewe not licking enough/effectively bc primiparous or systemic illness of dam
how to treat hypothermic newborn
warm colostrum, give external source of heat (heat lamp, hairdryer), dextrose 20% IP or OV at 10 ml/kg!, milk or replacer 50 ml/kg 6-8h
and bonus, prevent: avoid drafts
what are some causes of hypoglycemia/starvation in lambs and kids
plugs teats, mastitis/hard udder (OPP), poor bonding (various causes/contributors to this), congenital defects, large litter/poor production
treatment for starvation/hypoglycemia in babies
recognize early, warming, glucose or dextrose 20% 10/mL/kg
what does colostrum provide a source of
ENERGY (heat and glucose)
IgG and other immune things
laxative
macro and microminerals
fat soluble vitamins
what is adequate transfer of immunity
delivery of SUFFICIENT QUANTITY of GOOD QUALITY colostrum in GIT and ADEQUATE ABSORPTION of Abs from colostrum to blood (a 2 actors event)
need IgG at least 12 g/L
name 4 categories of problems with adequate transfer of passive immunity
problems with quality: young, sick, undernourished, poorly vaccinated dam
with availability: prepartum leakage, nursing from another lamb
with ingestion: weak neonate, competition with other lambs
with absorption: weakness, sickness, hypothermia, dehydration, delay in ingestion
what are colostrum volume requirements
50-75 ml/kg TID first day, first by 2h
- housed kids need 200 ml/kid/day
kids outside in cold need 280 ml/kg/day
how is diagnosis of FTPI (<12 g/L IgG) made
RID, Zn sulfate turbidity test, GGT, BRIX refractometer, or easiest method is TP (>5.5 g/dL)
what are the best sources of colostrum
dam best
another ewe
cow colostrum
(can be frozen in 2-3 oz (ice cube tray) then use 8fr rubber feeding tube lubricated and 60cc catheter tip syringe)
commercial colostrum replacers or colostrum supplements also available
name several diseases transmissible through colostrum
OPP, CAE, paratuberculosis if using cow colostrum, E. coli, Salmonella
what are some methods of colostrum sterilization
pasteurization at high temp for short period of time (note may cause immune denaturation), or heat treatment
