LAM I Exam II Material Flashcards
What drug is most often used initially in non-strangulating colic cases?
Flunixin Meglumine
T/F: Nervous and tense horses seem to be predisposed to developing DDSP
True
likely by natural head/neck position when in this state of behavior
A middle-aged or older afebrile horse with recurrent seasonal episodes of expiratory dyspnea/distress is the classic presentation for what respiratory disorder in horses?
recurrent airway obstruction (RAO)
What laryngeal hemiplegia (LH) treatment option can be performed if the owner is only really worried about the noise associated with the disorder?
ventriculectomy, ventriculocordectomy
reduces noise and stabilizes arytenoid cartilage; does not improve airway mechanics as well as other procedures
T/F: In Type II IAD, eosinophils make up greater than 2% of the total cell count
False
- In Type II IAD, mast cells make up greater than 2% of the total cell count*
- In Type III IAD, eosinophils make up greater than 3% of the total cell count*
What age group is most affected by laryngeal hemiplegia?
all ages are affected, but incidence is highest in young horses (2-3 yr old racehorses)
T/F: CBC and serum chemistry is typically normal in cases of recurrent airway obstruction (RAO)
True
T/F: Laryngoplasty is indicated for treatment of laryngeal hemiplegia in grade IIIB, IIIC, and IV affected horses
True
What is your diagnosis?
left laryngeal hemiplegia
In Type III IAD, eosinophils make up greater than ____% of the total cell count
> 3% of total cell count
In Type III IAD, eosinophils make up greater than 3% of the total cell count
Which is the predominant cell type in the BAL of horses with RAO?
Neutrophils
When strangles begins to spread and become more generalized than just the lymph nodes draining the throat, this is termed:
bastard strangles
- Metastasis to lymph nodes throughout body, most commonly to lung, mesentery, liver, spleen, kidney, brain
- Typically involves the abdomen (Can lead to local and diffuse peritonitis – adhesions and ileus)
- Difficult to treat, long-term antimicrobial therapy – often results in death of affected horse
What is the most likely diagnosis for the picture shown?
Epiglottic entrapment
EE is an upper airway condition that can produce exercise intolerance, respiratory noise, & occasional coughing (especially when eating)
What is the predominant cell type encountered in Type III IAD?
What is the preferred treatment option?
eosinophils
Treat with corticosteroids
What are the two types of DDSP? Which is more common?
intermittent and persistent
intermittent (IDDSP) is more common
If you see Curshmann Spirals in the BAL evaluation of a horse with overexpanded lung fields, what would you expect to find on pulmonary auscultation?
expiratory wheeze
The question is describing a horse with RAO.
On thoracic auscultation of a depressed tachypneic horse you hear loud breath sounds over the dorsal lung fields. At approximately the level of the point of the shoulder breath sounds completely disappear and you hear louder heart sounds throughout the thorax from this point ventrally.
Based on these physical findings, what is the most likely diagnosis?
Pleuropneumonia
What is the predominant cell type encountered in Type II IAD?
What is the preferred treatment option?
Mast cells
Treat with cromolyn sodium (mast cell stabilizer)
What is the drug of choice for treatment of all complicated strangles cases?
Penicillin
T/F: High populations of neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells are characteristic for recurrent airway obstruction (RAO)
False
Neutrophilic inflammation (35-50% of total cells) is characteristic for RAO. Eosinophils and mast cells are NOT characteristic of this disease
What corticosteroid should you use in a horse with RAO and mild dyspnea at rest?
prednisolone
Transferrin is the carrier protein responsible for iron transport and distribution in the body. It can be measured by evaluation of __________
TIBC
Total Iron Binding Capacity
Which one of the following is not a part of strangles control on a horse farm?
- Quarantine new arrivals to stable
- Prophylactic antibiotics for close contacts
- Isolate clinically affected animals
- Clean water and feed buckets, utensils, hands
- Identify / isolate persistent carriers
Prophylactic antibiotics for close contacts
What would you expect to see on CBC in a horse with bacterial pneumonia secondary to equine influenza?
neutrophilic leukocytosis with hyperfibrinogenemia
T/F: Fever and lymphadenopathy are major clinical signs associated with strangles
True
Fever is the first clinical sign and is maintained as lymphadenopathy develops and abscesses mature
T/F: Horses with DDSP will often present with a “roaring” noise
False
- Horses with DDSP will often present with a “gurgling” noise. The noise is generated by air turbulence in inspiration and expiration, mostly EXPIRATORY component*
- During expiration air is expelled into the nasopharynx (normal) and oropharynx (abnormal) thus resulting in puffing of cheeks*
- Approximately 30% of DDSP cases do not make a noise *
With which subtype of equine herpesvirus would you expect to see the highest incidence of abortion?
EHV-1
In contrast to EHV-4 (which is mostly limited to the respiratory tract), EHV-1 establishes a lymphocyte-associated viremia, which is responsible for the delivery of virus to the pregnant uterus and other tissues
Name the two types of DDSP. Which is the most common?
intermittent and persistent
Intermittent is the most common. It is a significant performance-limiting condition in the horse and is only seen during exercise
What is the best treatment option for HyPP horses during acute episodes with severe hyperkalemia?
IV Ca gluconate
What are the two most important factors for management of a horse with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO)?
- keep outside at all times
- wet down/soak hay
T/F: Perivascular jugular injections are thought to be a common potential cause of right laryngeal hemiplegia
True
If you have a horse with recurrent unilateral nasal discharge that worsens when its head is lowered, what should your top differential be?
guttural pouch empyema
Clinical signs wax and wane with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory use. The discharge is generally non-odorous, white, and opaque.
What is your diagnosis?
arytenoid chondritis
Most frequently seen in thoroughbred racehorses and suspected to be caused by frequent trauma to the arytenoid cartilages (recurrent NG intubation)
What type of rhabdomyolysis is more likely to be present in a 2-4 year old “high strung” Filly that is used as a weekend rider?
Type I
Type I is associated with limited exercise
What dietary change may help in the treatment of both polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) and recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER)?
- Increase the grain component of the ration
- Increase the amount of protein supplement
- Increase selenium and vitamin E supplementation
- Reduce the amount of grain and increase the amount of fat
Reduce the amount of grain and increase the amount of fat
What horse breed is most at-risk for developing a rectal tear as the result of rectal palpation?
Arabians
- Rectal tears usually occur between 10 and 2 o’clock (dorsal aspect of rectum), 25-30 cm from anus, cranial to the peritoneal reflection at the pelvic inlet*
- This is thought to be due to an inherent weakness of the intestinal wall in this area, due partly to the direct penetration of short terminal arteries on either side of the mesenteric tenia and partly to the lack of serosa on this segment of bowel where it is enclosed by the mesorectum.*
- Gross.*
The method shown is a conservative treatment option for what respiratory disorder in horses?
dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP)
The tongue-tie prevents caudal retraction of the larynx, hopefully increasing the contact surface of the palate and epiglottis
Dictyocaulus anfieldi (lungworm) infection is clinically indistinguishable from RAO. How do you differentiate between the two on TTW?
lungworm infection will have have eosinophils
RAO manifests as a neutrophilic inflammation
You may also see the actual parasite on TTW or BAL
T/F: Clinical signs of epiglottic entrapment (EE) include exercise intolerance, inspiratory and expiratory noise, cheek puffing, and chronic cough (especially when eating)
False
Clinical signs of epiglottic entrapment (EE) include exercise intolerance, inspiratory and expiratory noise, and chronic cough (especially when eating), but do not include cheek puffing.
Cheek puffing is associated with DDSP
T/F: Strangles is a highly contagious disease associated with infection by S. zooepidemicus
False
Strangles is a highly contagious disease associated with infection by Streptococcus equi
T/F: PSSM is the result of the autosomal recessive inheritance of defective glycogen synthase
False
PSSM is the result of the _autosomal dominant_ inheritance of defective glycogen synthase