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MEDSCI 142 > Labs > Flashcards

Labs Flashcards

1
Q

Rats - teeth

A 
Dentition adapted for gnawing
Paired incisors grow throughout life and lack enamel on their posterior surfaces --> rapidly wears --> characteristic chisel-shape
Lower jaw (mandible) is in 2 pieces, hinged in the middle
Space between incisors can be varied at will
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2
Q

Rats - gall bladder

A

Absent in rats

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3
Q

Rats - reproductive system vs in humans

A

Rats:
Female - uterus is Y-shaped
Male - penis mostly within abdominal wall

Humans:
Female - uterus is pear-shaped

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4
Q

Rats - nostrils/nares

A

May be closed under water

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5
Q

Rats - identifying male vs female

A

Male:
Scrotum (which contains testes) will be seen near anus
Anterior to scrotum is prepuce (skin fold concealing glans of penis)
Flaccid penis contained within abdominal wall

Female:
Three openings - anus, vaginal opening, urethral opening

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6
Q

Rats - thymus gland is _____ to the heart

A

Anterior

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7
Q

Rats - when making the first cut and you hit resistance, what have you reached

A

The diaphragm

Exposes abdominal cavity - not thoraric cavity, which lies anterior to diaphragm and beneath rib cage

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8
Q

Rats - peritoneum

A

A wet, slippery, thin membrane bonded to the abdominal wall

Surrounds the peritoneal cavity

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9
Q

Rats - Parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum and mesentery

A

Parietal peritoneum (lining abdominal wall) continuous with mesentery (double layer of peritoneum suspending intestine), further continuous with visceral peritoneum (covering intestine)

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10
Q

Rats - ventral cavities

A

Two pleural cavities (lung)
Pericardial cavity (heart
Peritoneal cavity

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11
Q

Humans vs rats - pericardium

A

Much thicker, stronger and fibrous in humans

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12
Q

Rats - What are organs wrapped in?

A

Serous membrane

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13
Q

Rats - Serous fluid

A

Allows organs to move over each other easily

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14
Q

Rats - parietal vs visceral peritoneum

A

Parietal: attached to skin
Visceral: attached to organs

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15
Q

Humans - order of digestion

A 
Oesophagus (tube)
Stomach (bag)
Small intestine (tube)
Caecum (bag)
Sigmoid colon (tube)
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16
Q

Rats - liver

A

Large gland
Has both exocrine and endocrine functions
Highly vascularised

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17
Q

Rats - lung colour

A

Since killed humanely with CO2(g), lungs will appear dark red and blood-filled (haemorrhage)
Normally is a bright pink colour and spongy texture

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18
Q

Rats - heart

A

Anterior end (‘base’) is overlapped by 2 lobes of the thymus gland

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19
Q

Rats - why is the gut tube convoluted

A

So it is long, to gain increased SA for absorption and secretion

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20
Q

Rats: Gut - portions

A

3 tubular portions: oesophagus, small intestine, large intestine
2 sacs: stomach and caecum

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21
Q

Rats: Where do absorption and secretion occur in gut

A

Everywhere downstream of oesophagus

Secretion occurs in 2 large glands (liver and pancreas) which are derived embryologically from gut lining and shed their secretions into small intestine

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22
Q

Humans and rats: Where is the stomach located

A

Lies mostly on the left side

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23
Q

Rats: Stomach - greater and lesser curvature

A

Oesophagus enters part-way along the lesser curvature (from throat through thoraric cavity, dorsal to heart and lungs, to diaphragm)

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24
Q

Rats: Lining of stomach

A

Divided into 2 distinct types
Anterior and lateral portion:
Has a thin and translucent wall so gut contents often visible
Specialised for food storage
Lining resembles that of oesophagus - no glands and a protective stratified squamous epithelium
Human stomach doesn’t have such a glandless portion compared to rat

Pyloric region (medial and posterior):
Glandular and opaque
Numerous simple tubular glands release acids and enzymes which break large molecules down (digestion)
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25
Q

Rats: Stomach - pyloric sphincter

A

Constriction at outlet of stomach

A collar of smooth muscle which controls flow of stomach contents (chyme) into the duodenum

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26
Q

Rats: Small intestine - structure

A

Rosette structure
Tube of uniform diameter, about 4 body-lengths from inlet to outlet
Irregularly coiled to allow it to fit within abdomen
Attached to dorsal body wall by a transparent mesentery / double layer of peritoneum

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27
Q

Rats: Small intestine - main function

A

Absorption of small molecules resulting from digestion

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28
Q

Rats: Small intestine - regions

A

Duodenum (leaving stomach)
Jejunum
Ileum (entering caecum)

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29
Q

Rats: Small intestine - blood vessels

A

Often shrouded with fat

Fan out through mesentery to supply and drain intestinal wall

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30
Q

Rats: Pancreas - endocrine or exocrine?

A

Both
Gland releases an alkaline digestive juice containing enzymes into duodenum
Also contains endocrine cells which secrete hormones into bloodstream

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31
Q

Humans vs rats: Pancreas

A

Both sit close to the greater curvature of stomach

Rat pancreas is a more diffuse organ than human pancreas

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32
Q

Rats: Pancreas - appearance

A

Made up of small, scattered pink lobules suspended by mesentery

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33
Q

What is the largest gland in the body

A

Liver

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34
Q

Rats: Liver - function

A

Both endocrine and exocrine
Performs numerous functions concerned with metabolic regulation and produces bile (bi-product) which contains mainly excretory products

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35
Q

Rats: Liver - bile salts

A

Aid in digestion and absorption of fats and vitamins

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36
Q

Humans vs rats: Where is bile stored

A

Humans and other mammals: stored in a gall bladder whose duct joins the bile duct to discharge into the duodenum
Rats: lack a gall bladder, but like humans, pancreatic ducts join hepatic duct to discharge into the duodenum, a short distance downstream of the pyloric sphincter

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37
Q

Rats: Liver - structure

A

Large size
About 4 lobes
Dark red colour - rich blood supply (vascular)
CT capsule is very thin
Soft, jelly-like texture
Vulnerable to traumatic injury –> severe internal bleeding

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38
Q

Rats: Liver - receiving blood

A

Receives venous blood from gut wall (via hepatic portal vein)
Receives oxygenated blood from aorta (via hepatic artery)

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39
Q

Rats: Spleen - which system is it part of

A

NOT part of digestive system

Part of lymphatic system

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40
Q

Rats: Spleen - structure

A

Dark red
Elongated
Leaf-shaped

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41
Q

Humans vs rats: Spleen

A

Human spleen more compact than in rat, since it is fist-shaped instead of leaf-shaped
Sits in same position

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42
Q

Rats - appendix

A

No appendix

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43
Q

Rats: Large intestine - parts

A

Caecum
Colon
Rectum
Anus

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44
Q

Rats: Large intestine - function

A

Reabsorption of water

Formation of faeces from undigested food residue

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45
Q

Rats: Large intestine - faeces

A

Resident bacteria contribute to putrification of faeces
Retained in rectum
Voided periodically through anus

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46
Q

Rats: Caecum - structure

A

Flabby, thin-walled bag
Contains poop

Humans: Terminates in a vermiform appendix containing lymphoid tissue
Rats: Lack a true vermiform appendix

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47
Q

Rats: Caecum - function

A

Bacteria act on gut contents while they are slow-moving

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48
Q

Rats: Colon - parts

A

Ascending (anteriorly) on right
Transverse
Descending (posteriorly) on left towards rectum

Quite untidy arc, much less geometric than human colon

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49
Q

Rats: Colon - firmness

A

Colonic contents upstream are semi-fluid, but downstream are formed into more or less firm faeces

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50
Q

Rats: Rectum

A

Short passage leading to anal outlet

Only visible after extensive dissection

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51
Q

Rats: Anus

A

A sphincter under partial voluntary control

Allows faeces to be voided

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52
Q

Rats: Kidneys - structure

A

Buried in fat on dorsal wall of abdominal cavity
Ventral surface: covered with parietal peritoneum
Dorsal surface: attached to body wall
Said to be retroperitoneal (behind the peritoneum)
Dark red - rich blood supply

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53
Q

Rats: Kidneys - hilus/depression on medial surface

A

Point where renal artery, renal vein and ureter access kidney

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54
Q

Rats: Adrenal glands

A

Small brown bodies embedded in fat near anterior pole of kidneys
Outer crust/cortex: secretes steroid hormones
Inner core (medulla): secretes adrenalin

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55
Q

Rats: Urinary bladder

A

Midline near pelvis
Pale cream or yellow in colour
Varying in size depending empty or full

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56
Q

Rats: Male reproductive organs - reproductive glands

A

Seminal vesicles

Prostate gland

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57
Q

Rats: Female reproductive organs - horns

A

At distal end of each horn is a small dark-coloured ovary which connects via a tightly-coiled oviduct
Oviduct so small it’s difficult to distinguish from ovary

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58
Q

Rats: Female reproductive organs - why is uterus Y-shaped

A

Multiple babies

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59
Q

Rats: Mouth and pharyx - breathing vs swallowing

A

Breathing: air must transit from nasal passages to trachea
Swallowing: food must transit from mouth to oesophagus
i.e. food and air must cross over

If coordination lost during swallowing, food may enter trachea –> violent coughing to eject foreign material
Or, air may enter stomach –> eructation (belching)

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60
Q

Rats: Hard palate

A

Anterior roof of mouth
Body partition separating mouth from nasal cavities
During chewing, food is sorted according to size by rolling it between tongue and hard palate

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61
Q

Rats: Soft palate

A

Posterior roof of mouth

Lacks core of bone

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62
Q

Rats: Molar teeth

A

Three molar teeth form a grinding battery on each side of both jaws

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63
Q

Rats: Glottis

A

Opening into trachea

Rings of cartilage supporting trachea make it easy to identify

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64
Q

Rats: Epiglottis

A

Ventral to glottis

Triangular flap which closes during swallowing to prevent food or water entering trachea

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65
Q

Rats: Oesophagus

A

Empty oesophagus is a flattened and transparent tube

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66
Q

Rats: Salivary glands

A

Shed their secretions into mouth

Colour similar to surrounding CT and muscle

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67
Q

Sheep heart: Venae cavae

A

Two anterior venae cavae (large right and small left)

One middle posterior venae cava

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68
Q

Which part of the heart forms the apex

A

Larger left ventricle

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69
Q

Sheep heart: Septum

A

Separates right and left ventricles

Marks the course of one of the coronary arteries and a cardiac vein

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70
Q

Sheep heart: Atria

A

Resemble small, collapsed and wrinkled bags

Have little fat –> dark red colour

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71
Q

Sheep heart: Atria - ventral view

A

Only flabby ear-like auricles visible, as they project from the base of the heart

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72
Q

Sheep heart: Great arteries

A

Most shrouded with fat

Only one easily seen without dissection - the pulmonary trunk

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73
Q

Sheep heart: Pulmonary trunk

A

Most ventral of all vessels

Thick, rubbery, cream-coloured wall

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74
Q

Sheep heart: Distinguishing between ventral and dorsal view

A
  1. Pulmonary trunk seen in ventral view
  2. Slanted interventricular sulcus in ventral view, Straighter interventricular sulcus in dorsal view
  3. Ventral surface is more curved, dorsal surface is flatter
  4. Auricles always point ventrally
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75
Q

Sheep heart: Great veins

A

Almost invisible on the real heart because their thin and membranous walls have collapsed after death

76
Q

Sheep heart: Pulmonary trunk leaves the…

A

Right ventricle on the ventral side of the heart

77
Q

Sheep heart: Large white aorta - where

A

Lies just beneath the pulmonary trunk

78
Q

Sheep heart: Aorta and pulmonary trunk

A

Make a half-twist around each other as they leave the heart

79
Q

Sheep heart: Ligamentum arteriosum

A

A fibrous bridge linking the pulmonary trunk to the aorta

80
Q

Sheep heart: Base of heart

A

Broad end of heart

4 openings into ventricles

81
Q

Sheep heart: Atria - parts

A

Each atrium has 2 parts

Main part = smooth internal wall

Second part = atrial appendage / auricle
- irregular surface where bundles of muscle fibres cross each other

Have diff origins in developing embryo

82
Q

Sheep heart: Atria - structure

A

Thin-walled
Low pressure
Must get blood into ventricles, so ventricles will lower their pressure for this to happen

83
Q

Sheep heart: Interventricular septum

A

Between left and right ventricles

84
Q

Sheep heart: Tricuspid valve

A

Three flaps/cusps

Soft and transparent, but strong

85
Q

Sheep heart: Tricuspid valve - contraction of ventricle

A

Valve flaps close tgt and are held tightly by chordae tendineae

86
Q

Sheep heart: Chordae tendineae

A

Tough CT
White and avascular
Placed in tension by papillary muscles

87
Q

Sheep heart: Moderator band

A

Slender bridge, traversing the right ventricle from wall to wall
Made of muscle, not CT
Contains Purkinje fibres
Not involved in contraction, but is conductive
Gives papillary muscle a heads up to brace for incoming AP

88
Q

Sheep heart: Mitral valve - flaps

A

Only has 2 flaps, they are correspondingly larger

89
Q

Sheep heart: Aortic valve

A

Contains coronary ostia, which are holes which lead to coronary arteries

90
Q

Sheep heart: Coronary arteries

A

Compared to major blood vessels, they’re small but obstruction of them has fatal consequences

91
Q

Sheep heart: Coronary arteries vs cardiac veins

A

Coronary arteries supply heart

Cardiac veins drain heart of deoxygenated blood

92
Q

Sheep heart: Cardiac veins

A

Drain into right atrium

Openings are v small, but can be found along the right atrium

93
Q

Sheep heart: Fossa ovalis

A

Found in adult sheep

A translucent membrane that closes the opening

94
Q

Sheep heart: Fossa ovalis - fetal version

A

Foramen ovale

95
Q

Sheep heart: Ligamentum arteriosum - fetal version

A

Ductus arteriosus

96
Q

Sheep heart: Before birth (pre-natal)

A

Secondary oxygen goes from mother to fetus via umbilical cord
Goes from systemic capillaries to right atrium, then right ventricle, but since high resistance of lung (due to being suspended in fluid), little blood goes from RV to lung capillaries –> little blood goes to LA –> LV
So, the foramen ovale allows blood to flow from right to left atrium –> LV

97
Q

Sheep heart: After birth (post-natal)

A

Umbilical cord cut off
Baby no longer suspended in fluid –> decreased resistance of lung –> lung capillaries can now inflate
De-ox blood can now go from RV to lung capillaries –> oxygenated –> go to left atrium –> LV
Don’t want oxygenated blood going from LA to RA, so the hole is sealed by growth of CT, forming the fossa ovalis

There is also vasoconstriction of ductus arteriosus –> ligamentum arteriosum

98
Q

Sheep heart: Trabeculae

A

Rods

99
Q

Sheep heart: Visceral pericardium

A

AKA epicardium

100
Q

Sheep heart: The heart is shrouded in…

A

Fat

101
Q

Sheep heart: Thymus

A

Glandular structure attached to pericardium

102
Q

Sheep heart: Blood flows from..

A

High to low pressure

103
Q

Sheep heart: Brachiocephalic branch

A

From aorta

Feeds arms and head/brain

104
Q

In the sheep heart, blood which enters the coronary arteries has just passed through the..

A

Aortic valve

105
Q

Occasionally after the birth of a lamb, the ductus arteriosus fails to close. What is the expected consequence

A

Greater blood flow to the lungs than to the systemic circuit (lungs at lower pressure)

106
Q

During dissection of the sheep heart, you used scissors to remove the apex of the heart. What structure was cut?

A

Papillary muscles

107
Q

Brain: Poles

A

The pointy bits of each lobe (e.g. frontal pole is sharper bit of frontal lobe)

108
Q

Brain: pre-occipital notch

A

Where the inferior border gradient changes/flattens

109
Q

Brain: Flow of information when hearing a question and speaking a reply

A 
1° auditory cortex
Wernicke's area
Arcuate fasciculus
Broca's area
1° motor cortex
1° auditory
Wernicke's (to make sure you make sense)
110
Q

Brain: Flow of information when reading a written question and writing a reply

A 
1° visual cortex
Supramarginal gyrus
Exner's area
1° motor cortex
Angular gyrus
111
Q

Occurrence of unusually high amounts of fat and lipids in faeces of rat most likely due to a problem with…

A

The liver

112
Q

What organ manufactures proteins and releases it into the gut and bloodstream

A

Pancreas

113
Q

Floor vs roof of midbrain

A 
Floor = cerebral peduncles
Roof = colliculi
114
Q

Rats: Where do hepatic ducts (liver) join the small intestine

A

Downstream of the pyloric sphincter

115
Q

Superior and inferior colliculus

A

Superior - reflexes to sight

Inferior - reflexes to sound

116
Q

Which hemisphere is Wernicke’s area found in

A

Left

117
Q

Sheep heart: What type of artery is the aorta

A

Elastic artery

118
Q

Sheep heart: Blood that goes into coronary arteries then goes to…

A

Cardiac veins –> left anterior vena cava

119
Q

Male condom

A

A thin rubber barrier
Fits over erect penis and catches sperm on ejaculation
Best used with water-based lubricant
Helps protect against STIs

120
Q

Female condom

A

A thin polyurethane barrier
Goes into the vagina and catches sperm on ejaculation
Helps protect against STIs

121
Q

Vasectomy

A

Permanent contraception
Surgical operation
Tubes (vas deferens) cut to stop sperm getting to penis

122
Q

Tubal ligation

A

Permanent contraception
Surgical operation
Clips put on tubes (uterine tubes) to stop the egg getting to the uterus

123
Q

Diaphragm

A

Fits inside the vagina
Used each time you have sex
Covers the cervix and stops sperm from getting through
Made of silicon and held in place by pelvic muscles
Doesn’t protect against STIs

124
Q

Hormonal contraception: Combined oral contraceptive pill

A

Pill made of 2 hormones; oestrogen and progestogen

Stops ovaries releasing an egg each month

125
Q

Hormonal contraception: Progestogen only pill

A

Pill made of 1 hormone’ progestogen

Thickens mucous in cervix and may stop ovaries from releasing an egg each month

126
Q

Intrauterine device (IUD)

A

Put inside the uterus
2 types - Copper IUD or progestogen-releasing IUD
Stops sperm reaching the egg
Can stay in place for 3 years or more

127
Q

Depo provera

A

Hormonal contraception
Injection of progestogen
Stops ovaries from releasing an egg each month

128
Q

Implant

A

Progestogen is released from rods put under the skin of arm
Thickening of mucous
May stop ovaries releasing an egg each month

129
Q

Lung model: Force applied/removed

A

Force applied to stretch chest wall - lung expands passively

Force removed - lung recoils passively and air is expelled through tube

130
Q

What is air resistance

A

The ease with which air can flow through the airways

131
Q

Lung model: Water manometers

A

Provide a way to measure pressure in the airway and in the intrapleural space
U-shaped filled with liquid
One end is open to atmosphere (outside arm), other end is open to lung model
Read outside arm

132
Q

Lung model: Water manometers - pressure change in airway during inspiration and expiration

A

Inspiration: ~0.1cm down (immediate), then equalises back to 0 (atmospheric)
Expiration: ~0.1 up (immediate), then equalises back to 0 (atmospheric)

133
Q

Lung model: Water manometers - pressure change in airway during inspiration and expiration with obstructed breathing

A

Inspiration: ~1cm down, then equalised back to 0
Expiration: ~1cm up, then equalised back to 0

Much greater than without obstructed breathing

134
Q

Lung model: Water manometers - obstructed vs non-obstructed breathing

A

No obstruction in airways means more air can travel through it, whereas in obstructed airways, less air can travel through it
With a greater radius in non-obstructed breathing, as you increase V –> increase P gradient –> more air can travel through to equalise faster

135
Q

Lung model: Water manometers - intrapleural pressure when no active forced applied to chest wall

A

0 cm H2O

136
Q

Lung model: Water manometers - intrapleural pressure in lung model vs in humans

A

In model is 0, but in human lung is subatmospheric (-ve)
Human has outward force (chest wall) and is an enclosed space so P can’t escape –> -ve
Model has no outward force –> 0 force

137
Q

Lung model: Water manometers - airway vs intrapleural space when holding diaphragm down

A

Airway: went -ve but v quickly equilibrated back to 0
IP space: went -ve, and remained -ve while held down. Increased V of IP space –> decreased P, and since closed space, air can’t go in –> remains -ve

138
Q

Lung model: Water manometers - pneumothorax

A

At rest, deep inspiration and expiration, IP pressure stays at 0 because air is able to move in and out of IP space if P increases or decreases, so lung doesn’t inflate or deflate

139
Q

Pneumothorax

A

An injury that allows air to enter the intrapleural space

140
Q

Lung model: Water manometers - pneumothorax in human lung

A

F(lung) and F(chest wall) are now uncoupled, so lung can keep on collapsing to the small state, and F of chest wall can cause outer part to keep on collapsing

141
Q

Lung model: Content inside intrapleural space - model vs real lung

A

Model: air - expandable
Lung: serous fluid - not easily expandable

142
Q

Lung model: Estimated V of intrapleural space - model vs real lung

A

Model: ~1000mL
Lung: ~1mL (negligible)

143
Q

Lung: Peak flow meters

A

Used to measure a subject’s peak expiratory flow rate

144
Q

Lung: Most important factors that contribute to differences in peak flow rates of individuals

A

Sex and height

145
Q

Lung: Peak flow rate of an asthmatic vs non-asthmatic

A

Lower in asthmatic because they have increased R in airways due to bronchoconstriction

146
Q

Lung: Peak flow rate of young, active smoker vs non-smoking counterpart

A

Young smoker’s lungs not damaged enough to lower it, but mucous stuck in lung causes cough –> stronger muscles when inspiring –> increased peak flow rate

147
Q

Lung: Peak flow rate of elderly person smoking for 30 years vs non-smoker counterpart

A

Smoking causes disruptions of lung tissue and deterioration of elastic fibres –> alveoli collapse and bronchioles constrict –> diseases –> decreased peak flow rate

148
Q

Lung: Spirometer

A

An instrument used to measure lung volumes

AKA respirometer

149
Q

Lung: What can’t spirometers measure

A

Residual volume and total lung capacity

150
Q

Lung: Asthmatics - FEV1 and FVC

A 
FEV1 changes (decreases)
FVC may not change (from average)
151
Q

Lung: Dry spirometer - disadvantage(s)

A

Can’t measure inhalation, e.g. tidal V –> use wet spirometer
Has a time delay –> not ideal for time measurements

152
Q

Lung: Dry vs wet spirometer - FEV1 values accuracy

A

Dry would be more accurate as it’s a direct measurement

153
Q

Lung: Wet spirometer - bell

A 
Inhale = bell moves down
Exhale = bell moves up
154
Q

Musculoskeletal: Proximal vs distal

A

Proximal: Nearer to point of attachment of a limb or part
Distal: Further away from point of attachment of a limb or part

155
Q

Musculoskeletal: Origin vs insertion

A

Origin: A muscle’s attachment to the bone that moves the least during contraction
Insertion: A muscle’s attachment to the bone that moves the most during contraction

156
Q

Musculoskeletal: Flexion vs extension

A 
Flexion = decrease joint angle
Extension = increase joint angle
157
Q

Chicken leg: Thigh

A

Tucked alongside torso, so hidden from view

158
Q

Chicken leg: Leg bones

A

Large tibia and small fibula

159
Q

Chicken leg: Tarsals

A

Proximal foot bones

160
Q

Chicken leg: Tibiotarsus

A

A single long bone fused from the leg bones and tarsals, with the fibula remaining as a slender bone partly fused alongside

161
Q

Chicken leg: Superficial fascia

A

A soft, weak layer of CT between skin and the deep fascia

162
Q

Chicken leg: Deep fascia

A

Thin sheet of CT covering underlying muscle

163
Q

Chicken leg: Where is the superficial fascia strongest

A
  • Around the intertarsal joint at distal end of leg

- Proximal end of thigh where it joins the pelvis

164
Q

Chicken leg: Where is the iliofibular muscle found

A

Beneath the lateral iliotibial muscle

165
Q

Chicken leg: Iliofibular muscle

A

Broad at its proximal (pelvic) end

Tapers distally

166
Q

Chicken leg: What does the tendon of the iliofibular muscle pass through

A

A CT sling

167
Q

Chicken leg: What does the sling allow

A

Allows more contraction of the iliofibular muscle to be converted to movement of the knee and hip joint

168
Q

Chicken leg: What muscle forms most of the posterior ‘edge’ of the thigh

A

Lateral knee flexor

169
Q

Chicken leg: Lateral and medial knee flexor - insertion

A

Come tgt and share the same insertion

170
Q

Chicken leg: Parts of the tendon of knee flexor muscles

A

2 parts;

  1. Large aponeurosis part (inserts onto tibiotarsus)
  2. Smaller posterior part (joins a dense fibrous fascia on surface of medial side of shank)
171
Q

Chicken leg: Lateral knee flexor accessory muscle

A

Fibres of this muscle run 90° to long axis of thigh

172
Q

Chicken leg: What movement does contraction of the iliofibular muscle have on chicken hip and knee joint

A

Hip extension

Knee flexion

173
Q

Chicken leg: What movement does contraction of the biceps femoris long and short head have on the human hip and knee joint

A

Long head: hip extension
Short head: no effect on hip joint

Both cause knee flexion

174
Q

Chicken leg: Tendon of iliofibular muscle - contraction, amplitude and power

A

Contraction causes a large amplitude movement at knee, with little power because insertion is close to knee

175
Q

Chicken leg: Synergist vs antagonist muscle

A

Synergist: aids action of another muscle, e.g. two muscles that cause knee flexion
Antagonist: opposes action of another muscle, e.g. biceps and triceps

176
Q

Human leg: What compartment does the biceps femoris sit

A

Within the posterior compartment of the thigh

177
Q

Human leg: Semimembranosus and semitendinosus

A

Assist action of biceps femoris - collectively called hamstring muscles
Names are because one is half-tendinous and other is half-membranous

178
Q

Human leg: Hamstring muscles - biarticulate muscles

A

Hamstring muscles (except biceps femoris short head) are biarticulate muscles because they cross two joints (hip and knee)

179
Q

Human leg: How does bending forward at the hip affect the minimum joint angle at the hip when you crouch

A

Reduces the angle at the hip –> allows more flexion of hip

180
Q

Human leg: Gait cycle

A 
Right heel strike
Right food flat
Right mid-stance
Right push off
Right toe off
Right mid-swing
181
Q

Human leg: Gait cycle - when are the posterior compartment muscles contracting most

A
  1. Heel strike
  2. Foot flat
  3. Mid-stance
182
Q

Human leg: Gait cycle - just before heel strike

A

Hamstrings activated to decelerate swinging limb

183
Q

Human leg: Gait cycle - heel strike

A

Hamstrings contract to prevent excessive hip flexion caused by impact of heel strike

184
Q

Human leg: Gait cycle - mid-stance

A

Hamstrings activate to extend hip

185
Q

Human leg: Gait cycle - what are hamstrings trying to do at the knee joint

A

Contract to slow swinging limb before heel strike and prevent overextension

186
Q

Wet spirometer: Nomograph

A

A chart that uses subject’s height and their vital capacity to predict the FEV1.0

187
Q

What does the wet spirometer measure

A

It draws out the lung ‘waves’ on a graph paper - you can read off this paper to find the values

MEDSCI 142 (9 decks)

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