LABS Flashcards
Label the bones/joints of the canine skull. (1-10, red & green circles)
- Nasal bone
- Incisive bone
- Maxilla
- Orbit
- Lacrimal
- Frontal bone
- Parietal
- Occipital bone
- Temporal
- Zygomatic arch
Red: TMJ
Green: Tympanic bullae
Where should you measure the skull for lateral skull radiographs?
The widest width of the cranium
Where should you center the beam when taking lateral skull radiographs?
Lateral canthus the of the eye
If the patient is in right lateral recumbency, which tympanic bullae is the point of interest?
Left
T/F: You only need one marker when taking a lateral oblique of the tympanic bullae
False! Mark which side is down, and which bullae is being visualized
What does the skyline skull view image show us?
Foramen magnum & Frontal sinuses
Technique problems are things such as…
Over/under exposure (kVp/mAs)
What does the open-mouth nasal view image show us?
The nasal sinuses
When is a frog-legged view utilized?
Patients with trauma suspected or older patients.
What is the difference between M-mode & B-mode on the ultrasound?
B-mode:
- “Brightness”
- Real-time imaging
- Shows motion at that moment
M-mode:
- Shows motion of the organ overtime
- Allows measurement of the organ
What is white on an ultrasound? Black?
White: Solids (ex: uroliths)
Black: Fluids
Why is there no image beyond a solid on an ultrasound (ex: uroliths)? What is the black shadow beyond the solid called?
- Solids “bounce” back the ultrasonic sounds back to the receiver completely, so there is no penetration.
- Acoustic shadow
Probe types:
1. Linear probes
2. Curvilinear probes
- Flat array & appearance.
- Higher freq & are used to scan small parts & shadow structures near the surface like the uterus when viewed thru the rectum. - Curved array the allows for wider field of view at a lower freq
- Convex probes are primarily used for abdominal scans due to their wider depth & deeper penetration.
How does an ultrasound generate an image?
High frequency sound waves generated by the transducer, bounce off an object & return to the piezoelectric crystals creating an image.
Three steps for caring for an ultrasound
- Use proper cleaning materials/wipes (dilute alc 10%)
- Keep probe in rack when not in hand
- Wipe gel off from probe after each use
- Dust cover on machine
What should be included when describing a fracture? (6)
- Right or left
- Front or rear
- Location on region/bone
- Open/closed
- Type of fracture (spiral, transverse, etc)
- Bone it’s on
What are three ways a contrast agent might get on fur, cassette, or x-ray table during a contrast study?
- Patient urinates out contrast
- Spills out from patients mouth while administering
- Vomiting
List three ways (forms) contrast agent can be utilized for an esophagram
- Liquid
- Paste
- Liquid mixed with canned food
What conditions would a DVM be evaluating for while performing an arthogram? (4)
Articular cartilage, joint space, &/or joint capsule.
- OCD
How to leak test an endoscope: (4)
- Pressurize the endoscope for 160mmHg
- Wait for 10 seconds
- If it doesn’t hold, it has failed the leak test. - Immerse tip in water & observe for continuous stream of bubbles
- Flex bending part to expose hidden leaks
Describe correct handling of endoscopically acquired GI biopsies (3)
- Collected 5-6 samples
- Immediately place in formalin
- Samples collected from multiple (4-5) areas
Why are skull radiographs commonly performed in horses? (3)
Sinuses, trauma, teeth
Why are oblique views of the skull routinely performed in horses?
Visualize tooth roots without superimposition
What is the unique feature of the foal skull compared to an adult?
Buds where adult teeth will come from
- Cup on teeth
What are three atomical parts that need to be included in an equine Mediolateral view of the fetlock? Where should the beam be centered?
- Long pastern
- Cannon
- Sesamoid bones
Center: Fetlock
How do you achieve an excellent T-L space view in both positions? (6)
- Vertebral column parallel to tabletop
- Transverse process perpendicular to tabletop
- Measure & center at T-L junction
- Foam wedge under sternum
- Trough center spine
- Collimate down to two neighboring vertebrae of one of interest
Steps utilized for cleaning the endoscope
- All removable parts removed & cleaned with cotton/gauze. Air blown thru & air dried.
- Lots of fresh water suctioned thru channels after use & brush.
- Use chemical agents specific to manufacture instructions.
- Seal all parts before submerging!
