Laboratory Methods

Question 1

Poisson distribution

Answer 1

Question 2

Poisson waiting time distribution

Answer 2

Question 3

Capacitor Z

Answer 3

1 / (iωC)

Question 4

Inductor Z

Answer 4

Z = iωL

Question 5

Resistor Z

Answer 5

R

Question 6

Series impedence

Answer 6

Z_tot = Σ_i Z_i

Question 7

Parallel impedence

Answer 7

Question 8

Max energy of photoelectrons

Answer 8

Question 9

Solution to the differential radioactive decay equation

Answer 9

N=N₀e^-λT

Question 10

λ in radioactive decay

Answer 10

Question 11

Total lifetime relation if a substance can decay multiple ways

Answer 11

Question 12

Best type of laser for spectroscopy over a range of visible wavelengths

Answer 12

Dye laser

Question 13

Bremsstrahlung radiation

Answer 13

Electrons give up energy in the precense of an electric field by emitting a high-energy photon (usually X-ray)

Question 14

Collisional gas lasers transitions

Answer 14

Transitions are due to collisions between atoms.

Question 15

Collisional gas lasers medium

Answer 15

Medium is gas or gaseous mixture

Question 16

Collisional gas lasers

Answer 16

Transitions are due to collisions between atoms

Question 17

Compton scattering

Answer 17

A photon scatters elastically of an atomic electron, which is ejected

Question 18

Compton scattering part of the energy spectrum

Answer 18

medium-energy photons (tens of keV)

Question 19

Condition on d for getting a fringe in an interferometer

Answer 19

d = mλ / 2

Question 20

Differential radioactive decay equation

Answer 20

dN/dt = - λ N

Question 21

Dye laser medium

Answer 21

Liquid

Question 22

Dye laser transitions

Answer 22

Related to the electron-transfer properties along chains of carbon atoms

Question 23

Free electron laser medium

Answer 23

A collection of electrons

Question 24

Free electron laser transition

Answer 24

Electrons are forced to accelerate back and forth in an external electric field and emit bremsstrahlung.

Question 25

Interaction of compton scattering

Answer 25

Atomic electron

Question 26

Interaction of pair production

Answer 26

Atomic nucleus

Question 27

Interaction of photoabsorption

Answer 27

The entire atom

Question 28

Molecular gas laser medium

Answer 28

Medium is a gas

Question 29

Pair production

Answer 29

The electric field near a nucleus induces a photon to produce an electron-positron pair

Question 30

Pair production part of the energy spectrum

Answer 30

high-energy photons (tens of MeV and above)

Question 31

Photoabsorption

Answer 31

Photon is absorbed by an atom and an electron is emitted

Question 32

Photoabsorption part of the energy spectrum

Answer 32

low-energy photons (a few keV)

Question 33

Photoelectric cutoff frequency

Answer 33

Question 34

Resonant frequency of an LC circuit

Answer 34

Question 35

Semiconductor or diode laser medium

Answer 35

A semiconductor

Question 36

Semiconductor or diode laser transitions

Answer 36

Electron-hole annihilation between electrons in the bottom of the conduction band and holes at the top of the valence band

Question 37

Solid state laser medium

Answer 37

A crystal or glass

Question 38

Solid state laser transitions

Answer 38

Between atomic energy levels

Question 39

What are characteristic X-rays?

Answer 39

Those emitted when an incident electron collides with and dislodges an inner-shell electron so an outer-shell electron fills the vacancy in the inner shell

Question 40

Compton wavelength

Answer 40

λ = h / (mc)

Question 41

Wavelength shift of light due to Compton scattering

Answer 41