Laboratory Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical Pathology

A

Cytopathology
Autopsy
Surgical

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2
Q

Laboratory Medicine

A
Clinical Pathology-
Chemistry
Micro
Transfusion
Heme
Cytogenetics
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3
Q

How can Inappropriate use of laboratory medicine negatively affect patient care/outcome?

A

Delayed Decisions
Prolonged Hospital stays
Missed/delayed diagnoses
Increased cost

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4
Q

Diagnostic Test

A

Used to determine the presence or absence of disease WHEN A SUBJECT SHOWS SIGNS OR SYMPTOMS OF THE DISEASE

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5
Q

Screening Test

A

Identifies ASYMPTOMATIC INDIVIDUALS who may have the disease

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6
Q

Reference Material

A

A sample of the analyze with a precisely known composition

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7
Q

Reference Measurement Procedure (RMP)

A

The “gold-standard” measurement system for a particular analyte.

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8
Q

Secondary Measurement Procedures

A

Validated by reference materials and using the RMP.

Usually less sophisticated but more easily implemented.

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9
Q

Pre-Analytic Phase of Diagnostic Testing

A

Develop a question
Select a laboratory test
Order the test
Collect the specimen

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10
Q

Analytic Phase of Diagnostic Testing

A

Sample prepared for analysis
Sample is analyzed
Result is Verifired

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11
Q

Post-Analytic Phase

A

Result is Reported
Test result is interpreted in the context of the clinical case
Action is taken
Patient Care is affected

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12
Q

What phase of Diagnostic Testing accounts for most errors?

A

Pre-Analytic Phase

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13
Q

Which phase of diagnostic testing has the LEAST amount of errors?

A

Analytic Phase

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14
Q

Accuracy vs Precision

A

Accurate means close to true

Precision is consistency

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15
Q

Guassian Distribution

A

Bell curve, Central 95% is “Normal range”

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16
Q

Note about “abnormal normals” and “normal abnormals”

A

Test results being in or out of the normal range are NOT ALWAYS indicative of healthy/unhealthy results. Some patients normals may be outside Normal range and vice versa

17
Q

Sensitivity (Definition and Formula)

A

Ability of a test to detect disease

Of all people with disease, how many will test positive

18
Q

Specificity (Definition and Formula)

A

Ability of a test to detect the absence of disease

In everyone without disease, how many get a negative test

19
Q

Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) Curve

A

Graphical technique used to compare diagnostic test performance at different cut-offs

True Positive vs False Positive

20
Q

Predictive Value

A

Likelihood that the result indicates presence or absence of disease

21
Q

Positive Predictive Value PV (+)

A

What’s the chance that the positive result indicates the presence of disease

True Positives/ (all positives)

22
Q

Negative Predictive Value PV (-)

A

What’s the chance that the negative result indicates absence of disease?

True Negative/ (All negatives)

23
Q

Point of Care Testing

A

Tests that can be performed at the bedside (blood/urine usually)

Usually uses transportable or handheld instruments

24
Q

Virchow vs Rokitansky Autopsy

A

Virchow: Organs one-by-one

Rokitansky: organs removed en masse

25
Q

Why are autopsies performed?

A

Medical Audit
Education (medical students, clinicians, etc.)
Discovery (unexplained, unexpected)
Investigations (medical/legal research)

26
Q

Have autopsy rates gone up or down over the years and why?

A

DOWN

Liability, unnecessary due to newer/accurate testing, lack of interest