Laboratory analysis

Question 1

represents the final step in cast formation and indicates chronic tubular disease
always pathological

Answer 1

waxy urine casts

Question 2

normal casts found in urinalysis

composed of matrix

Answer 2

hyaline casts

Question 3

presence of these cells in urinary casts indicates inflammation of the kidney

Answer 3

white cells

Question 4

urinary casts composed of cellular debris and aggregated plasma proteins (can be present in any proteinuria)

Answer 4

granular casts

Question 5

presence of these cells in casts can indicate glomerulonephritis or vasculitis

Answer 5

red cells

Question 6

decreased serum levels of C3 or C4 indicate

Answer 6

autoimmune disease
bacteremia
tissue injury
chronic hepatitis
nephritis

Question 7

Elevated C3 or C4 indicates

Answer 7

inflammation or infection

Question 8

congenital deficiency of C4

Answer 8

lupus-like disorders with arthritis, nephritis and rashes

Question 9

decreased or absent C5

Answer 9

recurrent N. gonorrheae or N. meningitidis

this is rarely measured

Question 10

measured in suspected collagen vascular disease

Answer 10

antinuclear antibody (ANA)
think SLE, Sjogren, scleroderma

Question 11

smith antibody (Sm)

Answer 11

SLE

Question 12

RNP antibody

Answer 12

SLE, MCTD, RA, and scleroderma

MCTD = mixed connective tissue disease

Question 13

dsDNA autoantibody

Answer 13

SLE

Question 14

ssDNA autoantibody

Answer 14

drug-induced SLE

Question 15

elevated IgM

Answer 15

recent infection

Question 16

high avidity antibodies

Answer 16

chronic infection

Question 17

greatly elevated WBC

Answer 17

leukemia

Question 18

low WBC

Answer 18

problem with production, often a bone marrow problem

Question 19

general guidelines for white cell analysis

Answer 19

Remember to multiply the differential percentage by the total WBC count to get the absolute numbers of cells. A WBC differential count with 95% lymphocytes and 5% neutrophils means an absolute lymphocytosis if the total WBC count is 40,000/microliter, but means neutropenia if the total WBC count is 3000/microliter.

Question 20

Represents amount of gamma globulin (Ig)

Answer 20

subtract albumin from total protein

Question 21

beta globulins

Answer 21

transferrin, which carries iron, and beta-2 microglobulin, which links with the class 1 MHC molecule

Question 22

alpha globulins

Answer 22

A protein in the alpha 1 fraction is alpha-1-antitrypsin, a protease inhibitor. Proteins in the alpha 2 fraction include ceruloplasmin, which carries copper, and haptoglobin, which binds free hemoglobin. Alpha-2-macroglobulin is another protease inhibitor.