Anatomy & Embryo Flashcards
remnant of the intraembryonic part of the allantois that passes from the umbilicus to the urinary bladder
urachus => becomes the median umbilical ligament
Which lobule of the prostate gland enlarges the most in BPH?
middle lobule
results from the incomplete division of the ureteric bud (metanephric diverticulum)
bifid renal pelvis
bifid ureter
mutation in Wilms tumor suppressor (WT1), steroidogenic factor 1 and DAX1 genes and associated with oligohydramnios in pregnancy
Bilateral Renal Agenesis
Baby is stillborn: pulmonary hypoplasia, widely separated eyes with epicanthic folds, low set ears, broad flat nose, receding chin, limb defects -> Potter syndrome
superficial fascia of the lower abdominal wall and perineum
Colles’ fascia
kidney crosses to the other side of the abdomen with or without fusion
Crossed Renal Ectopia
dermis of the scrotum
Dartos fascia
Dermatomal innervation of the xiphoid, umbilicus, hypogastrium, subcostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, scrotum, penis
xiphoid T5-T6 umbilicus T10 hypogastrium T11-L1 subcostal T12 (loin) iliohypogastric L1 (groin) calculus passes "loin to groin" ilioinguinal L1 scrotum S3 penis S4
Nerve that penetrates the diaphragmatic crura to enter the abdominal cavity and distribute to the celiac trunk
greater splanchnic nerve
Results from incomplete median closure of the inferior part of the anterior abdominal wall from failure of the mesenchyme to migrate beneath the ectoderm of the abdomen and the cloaca during week 4. Penis may be divided into 2 parts and the halves of the scrotum are widely separated.
exstrophy of the bladder
abdominal muscles and connective tissue are absent
Arterial supply of the kidney is from
initially (during development): common iliacs
later: abdominal aorta
permanent kidneys
metanephroi (3rd set)
[1st set = Pronephroi (nonfunctional); 2nd set = mesonephroi]
When does kidney “ascent” stop?
9th week, when they come into contact with the suprarenal glands
Where is the bladder in infants and children?
abdomen (enters pelvis at age 6)
Lining of the bladder (transitional epithelium) is derived from
intermediate mesoderm
muscle layers surrounding the bladder are derived from
splanchnic mesoderm
In males and homologous to vagina in females
utricle
Form the ejaculatory ducts
mesonephric ducts
Vascular supply to the abdominal ureter
renal artery, gonadal artery, common iliac artery
Female pelvic ureter vascular supply
internal iliac, superior vesical, uterine, middle rectal, vaginal
Male pelvic ureter vascular supply
internal iliac, superior vesical, middle rectal, inferior vesical
The metanephric diverticulum (ureteric bud) is derived from
mesonephric duct
which organ develops in the pelvic region of the body?
metanephros
What teratogen causes oligohydramnios, hypoplasia of the bones of the calvaria, IUGR, and renal dysfunction?
ACE inhibitors
Where does the uriniferous tubule become confluent?
DCT and collecting tubule
What gene defect will cause alteration of proliferation of nephron progenitor cells and failure of the formation of nephrons?
BMP-7
Which gene causes formation of the urogenital ridge?
WT1
Which gene causes branching of the ureteric bud?
Emx2
Which gene is for formation of the ureteric bud?
Lim1
Which gene is for expression of GDNF for branching of the ureteric bud?
Pax2
What structure does the ureteric bud not give rise to?
bladder (the ureteric bud gives rise to the collecting tubules, major/minor calyces, renal pelvis and ureter)
What embryonic germ layer gives rise to the epithelium of the entire female urethra?
endoderm
note: male distal portion of the urethra comes from surface ectoderm
What results from failure of the kidneys to ascend?
ectopic kidney
What is more common in patients with horseshoe kidney?
Wilms tumor (when child presents, the tumor may be unilateral mass in the abdomen or extend across the midline & into the pelvis if it is very large)
Where in the male urethra is the urethral crest?
posterior wall of the prostatic urethra
What artery supplies the fundus and the neck of the female urinary bladder?
vaginal artery
Teratogens that causes urogenital defects?
cocaine, thalidomide, varicella virus
levels of visceral pain innervation of the kidney
T10-L1
Where is a transplanted kidney placed and why?
It is placed in the iliac fossa because it can provide support and prevent traction from being placed on the newly anastomosed vessels
Which artery and vein are anastomosed to a transplanted kidney?
EXTERNAL iliac artery and vein to renal artery and vein
What may an inferior polar accessory artery obstruct?
ureter
congenital anomaly where the ureter passes posterior to the IVC
retrocaval ureter
Where is pain referred in calculus passage?
cutaneous areas innervated by spinal cord segments and sensory ganglia of T11-L2. These receive visceral afferents from the ureter
What plexus becomes engorged in testicular varicocele?
pampiniform plexus
