Anatomy & Embryo

Question 1

remnant of the intraembryonic part of the allantois that passes from the umbilicus to the urinary bladder

Answer 1

urachus => becomes the median umbilical ligament

Question 2

Which lobule of the prostate gland enlarges the most in BPH?

Answer 2

middle lobule

Question 3

results from the incomplete division of the ureteric bud (metanephric diverticulum)

Answer 3

bifid renal pelvis

bifid ureter

Question 4

mutation in Wilms tumor suppressor (WT1), steroidogenic factor 1 and DAX1 genes and associated with oligohydramnios in pregnancy

Answer 4

Bilateral Renal Agenesis
Baby is stillborn: pulmonary hypoplasia, widely separated eyes with epicanthic folds, low set ears, broad flat nose, receding chin, limb defects -> Potter syndrome

Question 5

superficial fascia of the lower abdominal wall and perineum

Answer 5

Colles’ fascia

Question 6

kidney crosses to the other side of the abdomen with or without fusion

Answer 6

Crossed Renal Ectopia

Question 7

dermis of the scrotum

Answer 7

Dartos fascia

Question 8

Dermatomal innervation of the xiphoid, umbilicus, hypogastrium, subcostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, scrotum, penis

Answer 8

xiphoid T5-T6
umbilicus T10
hypogastrium T11-L1
subcostal T12 (loin)
iliohypogastric L1 (groin)  calculus passes "loin to groin"
ilioinguinal L1
scrotum S3
penis S4

Question 9

Nerve that penetrates the diaphragmatic crura to enter the abdominal cavity and distribute to the celiac trunk

Answer 9

greater splanchnic nerve

Question 10

Results from incomplete median closure of the inferior part of the anterior abdominal wall from failure of the mesenchyme to migrate beneath the ectoderm of the abdomen and the cloaca during week 4. Penis may be divided into 2 parts and the halves of the scrotum are widely separated.

Answer 10

exstrophy of the bladder

abdominal muscles and connective tissue are absent

Question 11

Arterial supply of the kidney is from

Answer 11

initially (during development): common iliacs

later: abdominal aorta

Question 12

permanent kidneys

Answer 12

metanephroi (3rd set)

[1st set = Pronephroi (nonfunctional); 2nd set = mesonephroi]

Question 13

When does kidney “ascent” stop?

Answer 13

9th week, when they come into contact with the suprarenal glands

Question 14

Where is the bladder in infants and children?

Answer 14

abdomen (enters pelvis at age 6)

Question 15

Lining of the bladder (transitional epithelium) is derived from

Answer 15

intermediate mesoderm

Question 16

muscle layers surrounding the bladder are derived from

Answer 16

splanchnic mesoderm

Question 17

In males and homologous to vagina in females

Answer 17

utricle

Question 18

Form the ejaculatory ducts

Answer 18

mesonephric ducts

Question 19

Vascular supply to the abdominal ureter

Answer 19

renal artery, gonadal artery, common iliac artery

Question 20

Female pelvic ureter vascular supply

Answer 20

internal iliac, superior vesical, uterine, middle rectal, vaginal

Question 21

Male pelvic ureter vascular supply

Answer 21

internal iliac, superior vesical, middle rectal, inferior vesical

Question 22

The metanephric diverticulum (ureteric bud) is derived from

Answer 22

mesonephric duct

Question 23

which organ develops in the pelvic region of the body?

Answer 23

metanephros

Question 24

What teratogen causes oligohydramnios, hypoplasia of the bones of the calvaria, IUGR, and renal dysfunction?

Answer 24

ACE inhibitors

Question 25

Where does the uriniferous tubule become confluent?

Answer 25

DCT and collecting tubule

Question 26

What gene defect will cause alteration of proliferation of nephron progenitor cells and failure of the formation of nephrons?

Answer 26

BMP-7

Question 27

Which gene causes formation of the urogenital ridge?

Answer 27

WT1

Question 28

Which gene causes branching of the ureteric bud?

Answer 28

Emx2

Question 29

Which gene is for formation of the ureteric bud?

Answer 29

Lim1

Question 30

Which gene is for expression of GDNF for branching of the ureteric bud?

Answer 30

Pax2

Question 31

What structure does the ureteric bud not give rise to?

Answer 31

bladder (the ureteric bud gives rise to the collecting tubules, major/minor calyces, renal pelvis and ureter)

Question 32

What embryonic germ layer gives rise to the epithelium of the entire female urethra?

Answer 32

endoderm

note: male distal portion of the urethra comes from surface ectoderm

Question 33

What results from failure of the kidneys to ascend?

Answer 33

ectopic kidney

Question 34

What is more common in patients with horseshoe kidney?

Answer 34

Wilms tumor (when child presents, the tumor may be unilateral mass in the abdomen or extend across the midline & into the pelvis if it is very large)

Question 35

Where in the male urethra is the urethral crest?

Answer 35

posterior wall of the prostatic urethra

Question 36

What artery supplies the fundus and the neck of the female urinary bladder?

Answer 36

vaginal artery

Question 37

Teratogens that causes urogenital defects?

Answer 37

cocaine, thalidomide, varicella virus

Question 38

levels of visceral pain innervation of the kidney

Answer 38

T10-L1

Question 39

Where is a transplanted kidney placed and why?

Answer 39

It is placed in the iliac fossa because it can provide support and prevent traction from being placed on the newly anastomosed vessels

Question 40

Which artery and vein are anastomosed to a transplanted kidney?

Answer 40

EXTERNAL iliac artery and vein to renal artery and vein

Question 41

What may an inferior polar accessory artery obstruct?

Answer 41

ureter

Question 42

congenital anomaly where the ureter passes posterior to the IVC

Answer 42

retrocaval ureter

Question 43

Where is pain referred in calculus passage?

Answer 43

cutaneous areas innervated by spinal cord segments and sensory ganglia of T11-L2. These receive visceral afferents from the ureter

Question 44

What plexus becomes engorged in testicular varicocele?

Answer 44

pampiniform plexus