Lab1 Flashcards
Sessions 1-4 Intro Lab and skinning back. Lectures 1-2
dermis
dense layer collagen and elastic fibers are inferior to the epidermis. hair follicales and sebacious glands are here. Also the arrector pili hair muscles compress sabeacous glands as well.
Subcutaeous Tissue
aka the superficial fascia = loose connective tissue/fat. located between dermis and superior to the underlying deep fascia. Conatians the deepest parts of the sweat glands, blood/lymph vessels, and cutaneous tissue.
Provides most of bodies fat storage.
retinacula cutis
skin ligaments, small fibrous bands extend through the subcutanoeus fascia and attach at the deep surface of the dermis to the underlying deep fascia. The lenghth and desnity determines mobility of skin over the deep structures it covers.
ID all relevant str
deep fascia, overview
Name three types of d.f.
dense organized connective tissue layer with NO FAT, envelops most of body deep to skin and just below subcutaenous tissue. ENSHEATHS ALL MSUCLES
- investing: invest deep str like indiv muscles and neurovascular bundles
- intermusculuar: divide muscle into groups/compartment
- subserous: b/w musculoskeletal walls ans serous membranes lining body cavities.
retinacula/fascial planes/bursa
all three formed by deep fascia
retinacula hold tendons in place
bursae = prevent friction
fascial plane = potential spaces b/w adjacent fascia which if cut along provide access to deeper str easier. (fuse and no longer exist in embalmed cadaver)
localizing in anatomy
THE ABILITY TO SYSTEMATICALLY LOCALIZE ALLOWS THE CLINICIAN TO DETERMINE, WITH SOME PRECISION, WHERE AN ABNORMALITY IS (REGIONAL, SYSTEMS, OR BOTH), THE PLANNING AND EXECUTION OF FEASIBLE TREATMENTS, AND THE EXPRESSION OF THIS INFORMATION IN MEDICAL RECORDS.
Describe :
saggital
medial
coronal (frontal)
x-sectional anatomy is important b/c
It’s how radiology modalities
(radiography, x-ray computed tomography,
magnetic resonance imaging) output their
raw data from an imaging procedure.
Desribe anatomical depth:
superficial = nearer to surface
intermediate = b/w superficial and deep str
deep = farther from surface
Describe poisiton relative to medial plane:
Medial = towards midline
lateral = away from midline
Describe posotion realtive to coronal plane:
posterior = nearer to back
anterior = nearer to front
ex: toes are anterior to the ankle
wrist is anterior to the elbow.
Stomach is anterior to the spine
Decribe position relative to trunk or point nearer to trunk than the point being described
proximal = near to trunk or point of origin
ex: the elbow is proximal to the wrist
the proximal part of an atery is its begining when branching away from the heart.
distal = farther from trunk or point of origin
ex: the wrist is distal to the elbow, distal part of upper limb is the hand.
Positioion rel. to coronal plane through hand
palmer = anterior
dorsal = back of hand
position rel. to coronal plane thru foot
plantar = inferior foot surface (sole)
dorsal = superior foot surface (top)
- movement towards the body midline
- movemnent away from the body midline
adduction = towards
abduction = away
Langers Lines
striae distensae
Tension lines, they are the normal orientation of collagen bundles in the dermis. Surgeons use them to aid in cosmetic healing/less damage to skin when cutting along them.
(striae distensae) = strectch marks are a rupture in collagen fibers from dermis to epidermis
Types of burns to skin
1st degree = superficial epidermis (sunburn)
2nd degree = thru epidermis to superficial dermis, replacement cells for basalar epidermis present
3rd degree = epiderm/derm/underlying str gone. Healing cannot occur requires skin graft.
Name the two main types of anatomical parts of skeleton and the two main tissue types of the skeletal sys:
anatomical: 1. axial skeleton = bones of head neck and trunk( ribs/sternum/vertebrae/sacrum)
2. appendicular skeleton = bones of limbs including shoulder and pelvic girdle.
tissue: bone and cartilage
name 5 of the skins main functions:
PROTECTION
- BODY VISCERA CONTAINMENT
- BARRIER FOR MAINTAINING INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
- HEAT REGULATION (SWEAT GLANDS, BLOOD VESSELS, FAT DEPOSITS)
- EXTERORECEPTION (SENSATION OF ENVIRONMENT EXTERNAL TO BODY
name 5 functions of bone tissue
FUNCTIONS = PROTECTION, SUPPORT, MECHNICAL CORE SYSTEM FOR MOVEMENT, CA2 STORAGE, HEMATOPOEISIS à NEW BLOOD CELLS
two bone types, descrbe general str/makeup of a bone
compact bone = dense/hard/weight bearing/thickest at mid shaft (cortical bone)
cancellous bone (spongy bone) = weaker labrnth of trabelua that supports medullary tissue (trabecular cancellus) (trabecular bone)
cortical bone surrounds the outside of each bone while trabecular (spongy) bone fills the inside, surrounds the medulary cavity = site of hematopoeticity (bone marrow tissue and creating of blood cells.)
bones have some flexible and high rigid
describe cartilage
reslient semirigid avascular (nutrients by diffusion) connective tissue. Articulating surfaces in a synovial joint are capped with articular cartilage for low friction movement. Younger people have more cartilage. newborns = mostly cartilage.
define and function of:
- periosteum
- perichondrium
- fibrous conn. tissue surrounding bone
- fibrous conn. tissue surrounding cartilage (not articular cartilage, tho)
both 1/2 help nourish the tissue, lay down more bone or cartilage (esp. during fracture healing) and provide interface for attchment of ligaments and tendons.
condyle
rounded articular area, surface where two bones meet
epicondyle
eminence superior to a condyle
crest
ridge, like the iliac crest of the pelvic bones
facet
flat articular surface with cartilage, often inside the condyle where the bones actually touch (cartilage)
foramen
opening through a bone
fossa
hollow/depressed area
line
liner elevation, a slight elongated ridge
malleolus
rounded prominence (lateral malleolus of fibula)
notch
indentation at a bone edge (greater sciatic notch)
process
spine like projection (spinous process)
protuberance
projection (chin)
spine
thorn like process, sharp looking (spine of the scapula)
trochanter
large blunt elevation (greater trochanter of femur)
tubercle
small raised elevation, a small rounded process
tuberosity
large rounded elevation, a rough surface
bone marking head
prominent rounded surface
name/describe 6 bone classifications
long (femur)
short (cuboidal) found only in ankle and wrist
flat - protective (skull)
scapula - mechanical
irregular - various shapes (in the face)
sesamoid - develop in certain tendons, protect tendons and alter tendon angles.
Describe bone development using:
- mesenchyme
- intramembranous ossification
- endochondral ossification
- periosteal bud
- primary ossification center
- diaphysis
- 2ndary ossification centers
- epiphyses
- metaphysis
- epiphysial plate
- epiphysial line
Answer: all bone growth is derived from mesenchymal cell layer in embryo dev. By one of two processes: intramembranous ossif. And endochondral ossif. Intramemb. Ossif is when models of bone form during embryo period, and direct ossif. Occurs during the fetal period. Whereas endochondral ossif. Occurs by cartilage models from during fetal stage and bone replaces cartilages later on in life. this occurs by mesenchymal cells diff. into chondroblasts that grow the cartilage tissue during fetal dev = cart. bone model. in the midregion of the cart. model the cartilage calcifies, while simultaenously the periosteal capillaries from the periosteum sheath grow into the cart. bone model and for nutrient supply. Osteogenic cell then diff. and together with the perio. cap. form a periosteal bud. the capillaries (cap.) initiate the primary ossif. center and bone that is ossif. from the primary center = diaphysis which grows larger as bpne develps.
2ndary ossif centers tend to be located towards the ends of long bones, near the head of the femur for ex., while primary are usually in the middle of the shaft of the femur. the 2ndary ossifl center appear after birth, and bone grows from these centers in the same fashion, but bone from these centers are refeffered to as epiphyses (think epi = above = the top of the femur). Epiphysial arties grow into the dev cavities along with osteogenic cells. The flared part of the diaphysis nearest the epiphysis = metaphysis. The epiphysial line seperates the 2ndary epiphyses ossif. centers from the diaphypsi primary “”, they do not fuse together until later in adulthood, this is to allow for conitnued growth of the bone. instead, cartilage epiphysial plates sepaerate the two (growth plates) and later ossif. = fusion in adulthood. Radiographs can easily be misread to be a fracture when in fact it was ephiphysial plate separation in a child.
Describe vasculature and innervation of bones using:
- nutrient arteries
- nutrient foramina
- periosteal arteries
metaphysial/epiphysial arteries
lymphatic vessels
periosteal nerves
-mention density of nerves in bone layers
bones are richly supplied, namely from nutrient arteries that arise outside the periosteum and pass through a nutrient foramina finally splitting into longitudinal brnaches in the medulary cavity, supllying the spongy, bone marrow, and deeper portions of compact bone.
small branches from periosteal artieres supply most of the compact bone.
Metaphysial/epiphysial arteries supply the ends of bones and arise mostly from artieries that supply the joints.
Veins also pass thru the nut. foramina, while many large viens also leave the bone at articualte formaina.
lymphatic vessels are abundant in the periosteum
nerves pass the nutrient foramina as well. periosteum is richly supplied with nerves, periosteal nerves, that carry pain fibers. bone itself doe snot have many nerves. but vasomotor nerves regualte blood flow to marrow.
three types of joints
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
describe 3 types of fibrous joints and give ex
- fibrous joints: fibrous tissue length determiens the amount of mobility. longer = more mobile. (skull suture lines = flat bones)
- gomphosis: peglike fibrous process stabilizes teeth and give proprioceptive (pressure) info. Moves, but just a little.
- syndesmosis: interosseous ligament/fibrous sheet of tissue (partial moveable, joint b/w radius and ulna)
describe 2 types of cart. joints
- synchrondrosis = primary cart. joint = hyaline cart. allow for growth of bone length and bending durign earlyt life.
- symphyses = 2ndary ‘’ = strong slight mobile united by fibrocart. usually a disc, like b/w 2 vertebrae
describe synovial joints
articular cavity with synovial fluid = nourishes cart and decreases friction. most common joint, usually accompanied by intrinsic (thickened joint capsule) ligaments or extrinisc (separate ligament) ligmanets. Some have menisci (fibrocart. articualr discs). there are 6 major types
name 6 major synovial joints type, their axality, and their movement
- pivot (c1-c1 vert. = uniacial =atlanto-axial joint) = rotation move
- ball and socket = multiaxial = hip
- condyloid = biaxial = metacarpalphalangeal joint = flex/ext/add/abd/circumduction
- saddle = biaxial =carpometacarpal joint = move in 2 diff planes
- hinge = uniaxial elbow joint = flex/extension only
- plane = uiaxial = gliding movement = acromioclavicular joint
describe joint blood supply using anastomoses
artery anastomoses = communicate to form networks, particualry peri-articular arterial anastomoses to ensure a cont. blood supply thruout the entire range of a joints motion. Veins do the smae thing, and most of both artery/veins are located in the joint capsule
describe str
describe str
describe the muscle types and where they are located
- skeletal = striated = move bones
- cardiac striated = most of the walls of heart and adjacent parts of the greater vessels (aorta, sup/inf vena cava)
- smooth muscle = most blood vessels walls and the walls of hollow organs
describe 6 types of muscle
pennate = feather like, can be uni, bi and mulitpennate
fusiform = spindle shaped
parrellel =fasicle lies parrellel to long axis of the muscle. , flat parrlel often have aponeuroses.
convergent = broad attachment to which the fasciles converge to as single tendon.
circular = surround body opening or orifice.
digastric = two bellies in series sharing a common int. tendon.
name and describe the three types of msucle contraction
- reflexive contraction = automatic/unvoluntary. (diaphragm)
- tonic contraction = slight contraction (muscle tone) that does not produce move. but gives msucles firmness assiting the ability of joints and maintinaing posture.
- phasic contraction: 2 types = isometric contraction/isotonic contraction. Iso = muscle length reamins the same, but increased above tonic levels (deltoid holds arm in abduction) isometric = mcusle chages lentgth to prod move = 2 types, concentric = muscle shortening prod movement and eccentric = relaxation
describe the str unit and functional unit of muscle:
use:
- endomysium
- perimysium
- epimysium
str unit = muscle fiber.
conn. tissue covering individual muscle fibers (cells) = endomysium, and a group of fibers (bundles) si invested by the permysium. the entire msucle is surrounded by epimysium.
functional unit = motor neuron + muscle fibers = motor unit.
desrcibe the possible functions of a muscle:
prime mover/agonist = main muscle for a sp. movement.
fixator = steady proximal parts of limb while movement occurs in distal parts.
synergist = complments action of agonist, prevents movement of intervening joint agaisnt main motion.
antagonist = opposes the action of agonist. as agonist contracts, antagonist contracts. thn they switch roles when going the other way.
describe the str flow of blood, use artery, vein etc.
heart to artery to arterioles to capillaries to venules to veins to sup/inf vena cava
use: tunica (intima, media, adventitia) what is each made of. fill in wahtever else you want
intima = thin endothelial lining
media = middle smooth muscle layer
adventitia = outer connective tissue coat.
describe the level of control of the nervous system on muscles for each:
spinal cord
CNS
Spinal cord = complex programming (gait, both volun and invol) and involuntary reflex.
CNS: voluntary (cortex)
symphonic (basal ganglia)
smooth motion (cerebellum)
L. heart chambers = X circualtion
R. “” = X “”
L = systemic
R. = pulmonary
collateral circulation
= A SERIES OF ANASTOMSES PROVIDING ALTERNATIVE PATHWAYS IN CASE OF THE OCCLUSION OF ONE VESSEL OR NETWORK.
terminal arteries
ARTERIES WITHOUT ANASTOMSES / COLLATERAL PATHWAYS:
ex = brain or retinal arteries
capillary
single cell layer endothelial tubing for site of nutrint exhnage
- ARTERIOVENOUS SHUNTS:
COMMON IN THE SKIN ASSISTS IN HEAT REGULATION, allow blood to pass from artery to vein without capillary.
describe the 3 types of arterial vessels and their str/fiunction, give vessel ex
- large elastic artery = many elastic layers in wall (aorta), function = storage and initial distribution
- medium musculre arteries: regulation of flow using general vasocontriction (femoral artery)
- small arteries/arterioles = narrow lumina with thick muscle walls. arterial pressure is controlled mostly by these small arteriole constriction/relax. (degree of tonus, high tonus = hypertension)
Describe the str of the diff types of veins and define “musculovenous pump”
veins = thinner walls, smaller veins unite to form plexuses. medium veins in the limbs (or wherever blood flow is opposed by gravity) haev valves. Large veins = wid ebundles of smooth muscle and well-dev. tunica adventita. Veins tend to be x2 or x3, surrounding deep arteries in branching fashion (vascular Sheath). they are strecthed/flattened as artery expand/contrac which forces blood opposite of gravity. Outward expansion of msucle bellies in legs also pushes blood towards heart = musculovenous pump.
inter/extero- ception
intero = sensory/motor innervation of internal actions/rxns with smooth muscle viscera
extero = “” to the external enviornment
CNS vs PNS vs enteric
CNS = brain (grey matter (outside layers of brain) = cortex, white matter = axon bundles) and spinal cord (gray matter and white matter flipped from brain, white is on outside),
PNS= somatic +autonomic systems
Enteric = esophagus to anus nerve sys.
afferent nerve vs efferent
afferent = sensory = towards brain
efferent = stimulus = away from brain
Dermatome and its overlap?
myotome?
dermatome = unilateral area of skin innervated by the general sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve. However vutting the single spinal nerve will not paralyze a specific area because overlap b/w dermatomes adjacent to one another occurs allowing for sensory to still continue.
myotome = same as dermatome, but for muscle
endo-
peri-
epi-
neurium = ?
All 3 are coverings to peripheral nerve cells
endoneurium = delicate conn. tissue sheath that surrounds nerve cell nuerolemma (nuerolemma = schwann cell membranes that surround the axon).
perineurium: layer of dense conn. tissue that encloses a SINGLE fasicle (bundle) of peripheral nerve fibers. Protective barrier.
epineurium: thick conn. tissue sheath that surrounds a BUNDLE of fasicles forming outermost covering of nerve make up of fatty tissues blood vessels and lymphatics.
name str
(small grey lettering next to numbers is not the str is it misleading, answers below
- ventral primary rami = supply nerves to trunk and limbs
- dorsal primary Rami = supply nerve fibers to synovial joints of vertable column, deep muscles of back, and overlying skin.
- sympathetic Chain =
- dorsal root ganglion = afferent ganglion bundle that convery nueral iimpulses to CNS from sensory receptors in the body.
