Lab1 Flashcards
1
Q
General characteristics and structures in clade Prokaryotes
A
Single circular chromosome
Ribosome (70s)
Peptidoglycan cell wall
No membrane bound organelles
2
Q
When did first prokaryote appear in fossil record?
A
3.5 billion years ago
3
Q
What form did fossil Prokaryote take?
A
Fossilized stromatolite- thin layer of rocks that form when certain prokaryotes bind thin films of sediment together
4
Q
How long were prokaryotes on earth by themselves?
A
1.4 billion years by themselves
5
Q
Where are prokaryotes found?
A
Most habitats on the planet - soil, water, acidic hot
springs, radioactive waste, and deep
in the Earth’s crust, as well as in
organic matter and the live bodies of
plants and animals
6
Q
Label bacteria
A
Fimbriae Nucleoid Ribosomes Plasma membrane Cell wall Capsule Flagella Bacterial chromosome
7
Q
Identify shapes: Coccus Bacillus Helical Filamentous
A
O
|
~
)))))
8
Q
What is in prokaryotic cell walls?
A
Peptidoglycan: polymer cross linked by short polypeptides
Thick Peptidoglycan above plasma membrane +violet+
Thin peptidoglycan between 2 plasma membranes -red-
9
Q
Why do antibiotics work on bacterial cells?
A
Cell wall
Smaller ribosomes (70s)
Different details of metabolism
10
Q
Do antibiotics work on different colonies?
A
No differences in bacterial cells allow certain antibiotics to work on certain bacteria and not on others.
11
Q
Is there an antibiotic that would fight all bacterial infections?
A
Impossible
12
Q
Narrow spectrum antibiotic
A
Work on either gram positive or gram negative
Ex: penicillin
13
Q
Broad spectrum antibiotic
A
Work on both positive or negative
Ex: tetracycline
14
Q
Why are bacteria pigmented?
A
Photosynthesis uses certain pigments to collect light energy and convert it to sugars
Protection with the use of certain pigment to protect from UV light
15
Q
Where is luminescent bacteria found?
A
Deep sea environments and in soils
16
Q
What enzyme gives off light in bacteria?
A
Luciferase releases light during cellular respiration
17
Q
What are industrial applications of luminescent bacteria?
A
Detecting progression of plant infections
Antibiotics in milk, toxic pollutants, and bacteria in food
18
Q
What did Carl Woese use to separate Monera into different domains?
A
Molecular biology (small subunit ribosomal RNA)
19
Q
Domain bacteria 5 major groups
A
Proteobacteria
Chlamydias
Spirochetes
Cyanobacteria
Gram positive bacteria
20
Q
What were the first Archaea called? What 2 types are there?
A
Extremophiles
- halophiles
- thermophiles
21
Q
What is the Archaea in more moderate environments?
A
Methanogens
22
Q
What technique in evolution of microorganisms to determine classification? What test is used to analyze genes?
A
Taxonomic techniques that allow comparison of highly conserved genes among different species
PCR
23
Q
What makes bacteria classification difficult?
A
Prokaryote horizontal gene transfer
24
Q
% of bacterial genome made by HGT
A
75%
25
What phenotypic typing schemes to identify bacteria species?
Bacteria morphology
Staining properties
Oxygen growth or nutrition requirements
26
How is bacteria divided into subgroups?
Major nutritional movies and sources of energy
-photoautotrophics
-photoheterotrophics
-chemoautotrophics
-chemoheterotrophics
27
E. Coli gram positive or negative?
Gram negative
28
Oxygen requirements of E.coli
Facultative anaerobes
29
E. Coli shape
Bacillus (rod-shaped)
30
E. Coli location
Intestinal tract
31
What do pathogenic E. Coli have?
Fimbriae (fingers) allow for binding to intestinal wall
32
Causes of E. Coli outbreak
Raw milk
Undercooked hamburger
33
Shape of chlamydia
Cocci
34
Where are chlamydia bacteria found?
Obligate intracellular parasites of animals
35
How are chlamydia transmitted?
Interpersonal contact or airborne respiratory virus
36
Chlamydia gram positive or gram negative
Gram negative
37
Chlamydia is lacking what in cell wall?
Peptidoglycan
38
Why is there no chlamydia example?
Too small even for microscope
Chlamydia cannot grow on medium
39
Two problems associated with chlamydia trachomatis
Blindness and STI
40
Shape of spirochetes
Helical long slender
41
Nutritional requirements of spirochetes
Chemoheterotrophs
42
Special structure in spirochetes’ movements
Fibrils axial filaments attached to cell poles and wrapped throughout the body
43
Where are spirochetes found?
Aquatic environments and bodies of animals
44
What does Treponema pallidum cause?
Syphilis
45
Four stages of syphilis
Stage 1 - pink/red painless sore, chancre ~3-6 weeks
Stage 2 - rash that doesn’t itch
Stage 3 - latent no external symptoms
Stage 4 - permanent damage to vital organs and death
46
How is syphilis transmitted and environment requirements?
Transmitted via sexual intercourse, kissing, or intimate body contact
Requires warm moist skin or mucous membrane surfaces to penetrate the body
47
Treponema pallidum oxygen requirement
Essentially anaerobic, dies within a few seconds of being exposed to air (drying or chilling)
48
Nutritional requirements for most cyanobacteria
Photoautotrophic
49
Oxygen requirements for cyanobacteria
Aerobic
50
What pigment gives cyanobacteria blue-green color?
Phycocyanin
51
What two processes are only found together in cyanobacteria?
Release oxygen and fix nitrogen
52
Where can cyanobacteria be found?
Freshwater
Marine environments
Some symbiotic relationships
53
Where is Oscillatoria found?
Freshwater in large numbers
54
Shape of Oscillatoria
Unicellular colonial and filamentous forms
55
What causes Oscillatoria bloom?
Phosphates of synthetic detergents that cause rapid growth and death
56
Outcome of Oscillatoria bloom
Removes all oxygen from water and results in death of other organisms
57
Gram positive bacteria are mostly ___________
Gram positive
58
Nutrition requirements of gram positive bacteria
Chemoheterotrophs
59
Clostridium tetani (endospore forming) is gram positive or negative?
Gram positive
60
Oxygen requirement of Clostridium tetani
Obligate anaerobe
61
Shape of Clostridium tetani
bacillus (rod)
62
Where is Clostridium tetani found?
Soil contaminated with animal fecal waste
63
Function of endospore
Make bacteria resistant to harsh conditions
64
What toxin does Clostridium tetani release?
Exotoxin (neurotoxin): block relaxation muscle pathway causing muscle contraction
65
What disease does Clostridium tetani cause?
Lockjaw
66
What are 3 groups of domain archaea and their characteristics?
Methanogens: methane releasing
Halophiles: lives in high salt areas
Thermophiles: lives in extreme temperatures
67
What cells make up domain archaea?
Prokaryotic cells
68
Archaea organism characteristics in common with eukaryotes
DNA introns present
Start Amino Acid for protein synthesis
RNA polymerase
Response to antibiotics
69
What organisms are archaea prokaryotes most related to?
Eukaryotes
70
What are viruses made of?
Genomes (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protective protein coat capsid
71
What are the 6 different forms of nucleic acid found in viruses?
dsDNA
ssDNA
dsRNA
ssRNA (mRNA)
ssRNA (template for mRNA)
ssRNA (template for DNA synthesis)
72
What size are viruses?
20 nm in smallest viruses
73
How do viruses reproduce? What are the two cycles?
Lytic cycle
Lysogenic cycle:
74
Characteristics and structures of clade Protista
All eukaryotes (nucleus and membrane bound organelles)
Most are single celled
75
When did first Protista appear in fossil record?
2.1 billion years ago (Pre Cambrian)
76
What form did first Protista take?
Non-pigmented heterotrophic form
77
What is the hypothesis that suggests mitochondria evolved before plastids through endosymbiosis?
Serial endosymbiosis hypothesis
78
Where are protists found?
Worldwide
79
What major factors restrain Protista’s spread?
The availability of sufficient nutrients and water, or sunlight for those who use photosynthesis
80
Characteristics of supergroup Excavata
Similar cytoskeleton features “Excavated” groove on the side of their body
81
What taxa included in supergroup Excavata?
Photosynthetic
Parasitic
Symbiotic
Heterotrophic
82
Three clades included in supergroup Excavata
Diplomanads
Parabasalids
Euglenozoans
83
Characteristics of clade Diplomonads
Mitosomes: modified mitochondria
Lack of functional electron transport chains and cannot use oxygen to make ATP
2 equally sized haploid nuclei
Anaerobic
84
Where is Giardia lamblia located in its host?
Mammal’s intestines
85
Where can Giardia lamblia be found in California?
Highest streams in Sierras
86
How are people inflected with Giardia lamblia?
When they drink contaminated water
87
Symptoms caused by Giardia lamblia
Cramps and severe diarrhea
88
Characteristics of clade Parabasalids
Hygrogenosones: reduced mitochondria
Release hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct
Modified flagella with an undulating membrane
Anaerobic
89
Where is clade Parabasalids found?
Worldwide
90
What is Parabasalids known to be?
Most common pathogenic protozoan of humans in industrialized countries
91
What does Trichomonas vaginalis cause and how?
Vaginitis
Sexual intercourse
92
Characteristics of clade Euglenozoans
Rod with spiral or crystalline structure inside each of their flagella
Disc-shaped cristae
93
Organisms in clade Euglenozoans
Predator
Heterotrophs
Photosynthetic autotrophs
Parasites
94
Two best known clades in Euglenozoans
Kinetoplastids
Euglenids
95
Characteristics of clade Kinetoplastids
Single large mitochondria that contains a large mass of DNA called a kinetoplast
96
Different lifestyles of Kinetoplastids
Feed on prokaryotes in freshwater Marine and most terrestrial habitats
Parasitize animals, plants, and other protists
97
Trypanosoma sp. in Africa causes what? Using what vector?
African Sleeping Sickness via Tse Tse Fly
98
Characteristics of clade Euglenids
An anterior pocket with one or two flagella emerging from the pocket
99
Where is Euglena sp. found?
Freshwater rich in organic materials with a few marine and endosymbiotic members
100
Trypanosoma sp. causes what in South America? Using what vector?
Chagas Disease via Kissing bug
101
When an organism is autotrophic in sunlight but heterotrophic when in the dark
Mixotrophs
102
Characteristics of supergroup SAR
DNA sequence data
Secondary endosymbiotic relationship with red algae
103
When did supergroup SAR evolve? What evidence for this?
Over a billion years ago Incorporation of plastids from a red algae
104
Three clades in supergroup SAR
Straemenopila
Alveolata
Rhizaria
105
Characteristics of clade Alveolata
DNA similarities
Species with alveoli just under the plasma membrane
106
Three clades in clade Alveolata
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
107
Characteristics of clade Dinoflagellates
Reinforced cellular plates with 2 flagella One apical and one in a groove within the plates
108
Where are Dinoflagellates found?
Marine and freshwater plankton
109
What does Dinoflagellates cause?
Red Tides
110
What do Dinoflagellates release and what does it cause?
Neurotoxin causing respiratory distress or death
111
How do Dinoflagellates feed?
Mixotrophs
112
Characteristics of clade Apicomplexans
Apical structure of sporozoite, apical complex is used to penetrate their host
113
Where are pathogenic Apicomplexans found?
Africa, Asia, Latin America in tropical/subtropical areas where Anopheles mosquitoes breed
114
Plasmodium sp. causes what? How? And attacks which human parts?
Malaria via Anopheles mosquitoes by attacking RBCs
115
Characteristics of clade Ciliates
Cilia used for movement or feeding and 2 distinct nuclei - macro and micro nuclei
116
Where are ciliates found?
Bodies of water - lakes, ponds, oceans, rivers, soils
117
What lifestyles do Ciliates demonstrate?
Ectosymbiotic
Endosymbiotic
Obligate and opportunistic parasites
118
How does Spirostomum use cilia? How does Vorticella use cilia?
Spirostomum uses cilia for movement and feeding
Vorticella uses cilia to funnel food towards the cell
119
Exchange nuclei standing side by side? Which nuclei exchanged? Sexual or asexual?
Conjugation
Micronuclei
Sexual
120
Reproduce end to end? Sexual or asexual?
Transverse binary fusion
Asexual
121
Characteristics of clade Stramenopile
Flagellum with numerous fine, hairlike projections
122
4 clades in clade Stramenopila
Diatoms (Bacillariophyta)
Golden Algae (Chrysophyta)
Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
Oomycetes (water mold)
123
Characteristics of clade Bacillariophyta/Diatoms
Overlapping silica tests called?
Cell walls made of frustule
124
Where are diatoms found?
Phytoplankton in oceans and lakes
125
Fossilized diatoms known as?
Diatomaceous earth
126
What are Diatoms used for?
Filtering medium
Paint
Toothpaste
127
How do diatoms reduce climate change?
Carbon sink
Removes carbon from carbon cycle
128
Characteristics of clade Chrysophyta
Yellow and brown (xanthophyll and carotenoids)
Bi-flagella cells near the end of the cell
129
Where are Chrysophyta/golden algae found?
Freshwater
Marine plankton
130
How do Chrysophyta/Golden Algae feed?
Most are photosynthetic Some are mixotrophic
131
How do Chrysophyta/Golden Algae survive harsh conditions?
Form protective cysts
132
Characteristics of clade Phaeophyta/Brown Algae
Brown (carotene)or olive (fucoxanthin)color in plastids
133
Where are Phaeophyta/brown algae found?
Mostly marine or cooler temperate coats
134
How is algin used?
Thicken processed food product
- ice cream, pudding, salad dressing or paint
135
What is plant like structure that lacks true roots stems and leaves?
Thallus
136
Brown algae in fingerbowl belongs to which generation
Diploid 2n
137
Characteristics of clade Oomycota
Hyphae like a fungus
Cellulose walls
138
Organisms included in Oomycota
Water molds
White rusts
Downy mildews
139
Lifestyles Oomycota demonstrate and why
Lost their plastids and became decomposers or parasites
140
2 major agriculture problems caused by Oomycota
French wine crisis
Potato famine
141
Characteristics in clade rhizaria
Similar DNA
Thinlike pseudopodia
142
3 smaller clades in Rhizaria
Cercozoans
Forams
Radiolarians
143
Where are Rhizaria found?
Marine
Freshwater
Soil ecosystems
144
Characteristics of clade Cercozoans
Amoeboid shaped Protista with thin pseudopodia
145
Lifestyle do Cercozoans demonstrate?
Predators
Parasites in freshwater, marine, and soil ecosystem
146
What did Cercozoans evolve? How is it different from plastids?
Sausage-shaped internal structure through endosymbiosis of a Cyanobacteria for photosynthesis (a chromoatophore)
147
Characteristics of clade Forminiferans
Amoebas with thin pseudopodia
Calcium carbonate test
148
Where do Foraminiferans live?
Ocean and freshwater habitats attached to sand rocks algae
Others are in plankton
149
What do foraminiferans make up?
Sedimentary rock
150
What are Foraminiferan tests made of? What are they symbiotic with and provide?
Calcium carbonate tests
Symbiotic with photosynthetic algae for nourishment
151
Characteristics of clade radiolarians
Amoebas with thin pseudopodia
Delicate silica skeleton
152
Where do Radiolarians live?
Marine plankton
153
What are Radiolarians tests made of?
Silica skeleton
154
What do Radiolarians form after they die?
Skeletons sink to the bottom and form a radiolarian ooze covering sea floor
