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IM 2 Exam 1 > Lab Values Lecture > Flashcards

Lab Values Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

BMP are tests for (4)

A
  • Blood Glucose
  • Acid/Base balance
  • Kidney function
  • Electrolyte imbalance
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2
Q

CMP tests for (6)

A
  • Blood Glucose
  • Acid/Base balance
  • Kidney Function
  • Electrolyte Imbalance
    -Blood Proteins
    -Liver function
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3
Q

Glucose
What is the normal range?
What was this blood test measure

A

70-110 mg/dL
Direct measurement of blood glucose level

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4
Q

What does Glycosylated Hemoglobin A1c test for?
What is the range for:
Normal-
Good-
Fair-
Poor-

A

The average blood glucose level for the last 3 months. The test monitors the treatment of diabetes
Normal: 4-5.9%
Good: <7%
Fair: 8-9%
Poor: >9%

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5
Q

Sodium (Na+)
Normal Range? (sODDium)
What is special about sodium?

A

135-145 mEq/L
Major cation in the extracellular space

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6
Q

Potassium (K+)
Normal Range? (Bananas)
Why is Potassium important? (2)

A

3.5-5.1 mEq/L
K+ is important to cardiac function
Major cation within the cell

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7
Q

Chloride(Cl-)
Normal range? (Hot Tub)
What is important to know about Cl- (2)

A

98-109 mEq/L
Major extracellular anion
Usually follows N+ (Sodium Chloride Table Salt)

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8
Q

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
What is the normal range?
What is the critical value?
What is the role of bicarbonate?

A

20-30 mEq/L
<6mEq/L
Major role in acid/base balance

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9
Q

Calcium (Ca2+)
What is the normal range?
What is calcium important for

A

7.6-10.4 mg/dL
Parathyroid function, calcium metabolism

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10
Q

What does CBC mean? what do CBC test for? (9)

A

CBC: Complete Blood Count
Hgb: O2 carrying protein
Hct: Packed volume of RBCs, % of total volume
MCV: Cell size (normocytic, macro and micro)
MCH: Amount of Hgb per cell
MCHC: Hgb/Hct per 100mL/RBCs
RDW: Red cell distribution width
Platelet: # of plt. per cc/blood
WBC: # of white cells per mL/blood

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11
Q

Erythrocyte Count (RBC)
What is the function of the RBC?
What is the Normal Range?

A

RBC count: the number of circulating RBCs in 1mm3 of blood
Carry oxygen
Contain Hemoglobin molecules
3.89-5.40M/uL

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12
Q

RBC Indices: (4)

A

MCV: 80-95 fL
RDW: 11-14.5%
MCH: 27-31 pg
MCHC: 32-36 g/dL

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13
Q

RBC,HgB,Hct all have common high and lows, what are they? (4)(14)

A

High: congenital heart disease, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, polycythemia vera, severe dehydration
Low: anemia, hemoglobinopathy, cirrhosis, hemolytic anemia, hemorrhage, dietary deficiency, bone marrow failure, prosthetic valves, renal disease, normal pregnancy, rheumatoid arthritis, lymphoma, leukemia, Hodgkin disease

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14
Q

What does hemoglobin (Hgb or Hb) measure?
What is the normal range? (What is the lifespan of globins?)
In depth description of what patient?

A

Measurements of the total Hemoglobin in the blood.
Normal Range: 12-16g/dL
Anemic patients

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15
Q

Hematocrit (Hct) measures what?
Normal Range:
Critical Values:

A

-Indirect measurement of RBC number and volume (% of blood made up by RBC)
-Part of routine testing and anemia eval.
-Normal: 37.0%-47.0%
Critical values <15% or >60%

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16
Q

What affects Hct values?

A

-Gender and Age
-Specifically, Women have lower Hct and continues to lower with age.

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17
Q

Anemia: (5)

A

-Decrease in number of RBC’s (erythrocytes)
-Impaired RBC production
-Blood loss
-RBC destruction
-Combination of all 3

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18
Q

Platelet Count (Thrombocytes)
What does this measure and formed where?
Platelet function?
Normal Count:

A

-Actual count of the number of platelets (thrombocytes) per cubic milliliter of blood
-Formed in the bone marrow
- Platelets form clots
Normal Count: 150,000

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19
Q

High platelet count is called
and their counts:(2)
Low platelet count is called
and their counts:

A
  • H: Thrombocytosis
    Counts >1 million = risk of clotting
    Counts >600,000 = potential for problems
  • L: Thrombocytopenia
    Counts below 50,000 = significant bleeding
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20
Q

Do NOT give your patient Lovenox or Enoxaparin if their Platelet count is?

A

100,000
these are both anti-platelet medications.

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21
Q

Total WBC’s (leukocytes) measures? (3)
Normal Range:

A

-Measurement of total WBC count
-Part of routine testing on CBC
-White cell differential count
percentage of each type of leukocyte present in the specimen
Normal Range: 3.6-10.8K/uL

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22
Q

Phosphorus (P)
What is the normal range?
What is the role of phosphorus

A

3.0-4.5 m/DL
Assists in the interpretation of parathyroid and calcium abnormalites

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23
Q

High WBC count is called?
Low WBC count is called?

A

H: Leukocytosis (Infection, inflammation , sepsis, trauma)
L: Leukopenia (Bone marrow failure, chemo, radiation, overwhelming infection and autoimmune disease)

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24
Q

Magnesium (Mg-)
What is the normal range?
Where is it found? (MagKNEEium)
What is the role of Mg?

A

1.3-2.1 mEq/L
Found intracellularly, around half of it in the bone
Important in calcium metabolism and closely tied to calcium levels

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25
Q

Measurement of Each WBC type in the blood is called?
Normal Values of each? (5)

A

WBC Differential
Neutrophils: 50-70%
Lymphocytes: 20-40%
Monocytes: 2-8%
Eosinophils: 1-4%
Basophils : 0.5-1.0%

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26
Q

Leukocytosis:
Lymphocytosis:
Left Shift:

A
  1. abnormally large number of leukocytes
    WBC > 10,000 cells/mL3
  2. form of actual or relative leukocytosis due to increase in numbers of lymphocytes
  3. increase in the number of immature neutrophils (bands/stabs) found in the blood
27
Q

Total protein
Normal range? (Protein goal)
What does it measure? (3)

A

6.4-8.3 g/dL
Combination of pre-albumin, albumin, and globiuns

28
Q

If your patient is Hyperglycemic and you administer insulin, you need to make sure they do what?

A

Eat within 15 minutes to balance them out.

29
Q

If your patient is Hypoglycemic what can you give them non-pharmacologically to fix this? (4)

A

orange juice, regular soda, glucagon tablets, iv glucagon

30
Q

What is all included in the hepatic function test (7)

A

-Albumin
-AST
-Alk phos
-ALT
-Bili total
-Direct Bili
-Ammonia

31
Q

Amylase checks what?
Normal Range:

A

Pancreas Function: Pancreatic test helpful in evaluation of abdominal pain
Normal Range: <130 u/L

32
Q

High Amylase can indicate? (4)
Low Amylase can indicate? (2)

A

H: many abdominal diagnoses, DKA, various cancers, salivary gland inflammation
L: hepatic necrosis, advanced chronic pancreatitis

33
Q

What is the function of Lipase?
Normal Range:

A

-Enzyme secreted by pancreas into small intestines
-Helps break down triglycerides into fatty acids
-Highly specific for pancreatic diseases
Normal Range: <160 u/L

34
Q

Albumin
What is the normal range
What is albumin (2)
What is the function of Albumin?(2)
What does the level of albumin reflect?(2)

A

3.5-5.0 mg/dL
A protein formed and synthesized with the liver and Compromised 60% of total proteins in blood
Regulates osmotic pressure and transports blood, hormones, enzymes, and drugs.
Hepatic function and nutritional state

35
Q

High Lipase count can indicate? (3)
Low Lipase count can indicate? (1)

A

H: acute pancreatitis, early pancreatic cancer, perforated ulcer
L: acute severe pancreatitis

36
Q

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
What is the normal range?
What is ALP for?

A

30-120 u/L
Detect and monitor diseases of liver and bone

37
Q

Clotting Factors
Assess Normal Bleeding and Coumadin Therapy: PT and INR.

A

PT (protime):
11.0-13.0 seconds
Critical value: > 20 seconds
INR (International Normalized Ratio):
0.8-1.5 secs (without Coumadin)
Critical value: > 5.5 seconds

38
Q

Clotting Factors
Asses Heparin Therapy: PTT

A

PTT (Partial Thromboplastin TIme): 30-45 seconds

39
Q

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
What is the normal range?
Where is it found?
Why would it be in the bloodstream?
What is it used it detect?

A

4-36 u/L
The liver
Injury or disease to the liver parenchyma
Used to identify and monitor hepatocellular disease

40
Q

Peak and Trough:
Trough:
Peak:

A

Trough: level 30 min prior to dose; if results OK then give medication
Peak: level 1 1/2 hrs after IVPB infusion complete

41
Q

Stool Testing can include: (3)

A
  1. Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT)
  2. C – diff
  3. Culture & Sensitivity
42
Q

Aspartate Aminotransderase (AST)
What is the normal range
Where is AST found in high contrations
Why would AST be in the blood stream?

A

0-35 u/L
In within highly metabolic tissues (Liver, muscle cells(Heart and muscle cells))
Disease/ injury to one of the tissues

43
Q

Bilirubin
What is the normal range
What is Bilirubin?
Where is it found?
What are the parts to Bilirubin (2)?
Which patients would need this test?

A

.3-1.0 mg/dL
The end product of RBC metabolism
components of the bile
Conjugated (Direct) and unconjugated (Indirect) bilirubin
Patients with hemolytic anemia and newborns with jaundice

44
Q

Unconjugated Bilirubin
What is the normal range?
What is it measure?

A

.02-.08 mg/dL
Levels of indirect bilirubin in blood

45
Q

Conjugated Bilirubin
What is the normal range?
What does this measure?

A

.1-.3 mg/dL
Level of direct bilirubin in the blood

46
Q

What are used to evaluate kidney functions (2)

A

BUN and Creatinine

47
Q

Blood urea Nitrogen (BUN)
What is the normal range?
What organs can we evaluate with BUN (2)
What is BUN

A

10-20 mg/dL
Kidney and liver function
End product of protein metabolism

48
Q

Creatinine
Normal range?
What is the critical value?
What does this measure?

A

.5-1.1 mg/dL
>4 mg/dL
A direct measure of renal function

49
Q

Should there be Nitrites in the urine?

A

No

50
Q

Can there be protein in the urine?

A

Only in very small amounts 0-8 mg/dL

51
Q

Should there be ketones in the urine

A

No

52
Q

Should there be bilirubin in the urine?

A

No

53
Q

Should there be crystals in the urine

A

No

54
Q

Should there be glucose in the urine?

A

No

55
Q

Should there be WBC in the urine

A

Only in very small amounts

56
Q

Should there be RBC in the urine

A

In very small amounts

57
Q

Is urine acidic or basic

A

It can be both

58
Q

Should there be bacteria in the urine

A

No

59
Q

What must be done with 24 hr urine collections

A

Discard the 1st void
Put on ice/Refrigerate

60
Q

What must be done with 24hour urine collection

A

discard the 1st void
Put on ice/refrigerate

61
Q

When does the time start on 24 hour urine collection

A

After the discarded urine

62
Q

What does urinary protein measure?

A

Kidney function

63
Q

What blood collection device should you NOT connect to a blood culture bottle?

A

Vacu-Holder
(The beads in the blood culture bottle could get lodged into the pt’s body)

64
Q

What is not used for Kidney function

A

GFR

IM 2 Exam 1 (5 decks)

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