Lab Values Flashcards
1
Q
Normal levels sodium
A
135-145mmol/L
2
Q
Decrease in sodium = ______
A
hyponatremia
3
Q
3 organs that can cause hyponatremia?
A
- skin
- kidneys
- gut
4
Q
Name S/S of decreased sodium (9)
A
- weakness
- postural hyPOtension
- syncope
- weight loss
- CV changes
- decreased skin turgor
- headachen confusion
- muscle spasm
- seizure
5
Q
Increased sodium = _______
A
hypernatremia
6
Q
2 reasons for hypernatremia ?
A
- increased intake
2. decreased excretion
7
Q
Hypertramia S/S will be that of _______; name 4
A
dehydration!
- edema
- pulmonary edema
- HTN
- effusions
8
Q
Normal potassium levels?
A
3.4 - 5.2 mmol/L
9
Q
Decreased potassium = ______-
A
hypokalemia
10
Q
5 causes of hypokalemia?
A
- alkalosis
- renal failure
- diarrhea
- vomiting
- diuretics
11
Q
Name S/S of hypokalemia (10)
A
- weakness
- nausea
- vomiting
- fainting
- palpitations
- hypotonia
- confusion
- depression
- arrhythmias
- alkalosis
12
Q
Increased potassium = _______
A
hyperkalemia
13
Q
3 causes of hyperkalemia ?
A
- catabolism
- acidosis
- renal failure
14
Q
2 S/S of hyperkalemia ?
A
Note: MINIMAL S/S! But can lead to:
- cardiac arrest
- ventricular fibrillation
15
Q
Normal values calcium?
A
2.1 - 2.6 mmol/L (8.4 - 10.2 mEgl)
16
Q
Decreased calcium = _______
A
hypocalcemia
17
Q
Causes of hypocalcemia?
A
- vit D deficiency
- acute pancreatitis
- low blood albumin / magnesium
- increased urine excretion
- resp acidosis
18
Q
Sign of hypocalcemia on ECG?
A
prolonged QT on ECG
19
Q
Increased calcium = ______
A
hypercalcemia
20
Q
5 causes of hypercalcemia?
A
- malignancy
- Paget’s disease
- OP
- immobilization
- renal failure
21
Q
6 S/S of hypercalcemia?
A
- stones (kidney)
- groans (general pain)
- bones (muscle weakness and subsequent bone loss)
- thrones (constipation)
- psychiatric overtones (decreased cognition)
- shortened QT on ECG!
22
Q
Normal Mg values ?
A
0.7-1.0 mmol/L (1.6-2.4 mEgl)
23
Q
Decreased magnesium = ________
A
hypomagnesemia
24
Q
3 causes of hypomagnesemia ?
A
- diarrhea
- renal disease
- chronic alcoholism
25
S/S of hypomagnesemia (4) ?
1. muscle cramps
2. hyperactive reflexes
3. tremors
4. overall weakness
26
Increased magnesium = _________
hypermagnesemia
27
2 causes of hypermagenesema ?
1. renal failure
| 2. excessive intake
28
S/S of hypermagnesemia (3) ?
1. nausea
2. vomiting
3. muscle weakness
29
Normal fasting levels of glucose ?
3 - 5.5 mmol/L
30
Impaired levels of glucose tolerance ?
5.5 - 7.8 mmol/L
31
Glucose levels diagnostic of DM?
> 7.8 mmol/L
32
Decreased glucose = _________
hyPOglycaemia
33
6 S/S of hyperglycaemia ?
1. thirst
2. polyuria
3. dehydration
4. hypotension
5. tachycardia
6. drowsiness
34
Increased glucose = ________
hyperglycaemia
35
10 S/S of hypoglycaemia ?
1. fatigue
2. confusion
3. detachment
4. ataxia
5. blurred vision
6. dizziness
7. paresthesia
8. hemiparesis
9. convulsions
10. coma
36
Normal values albumin?
36-50 g/L
37
______ maintains osmotic pressure of blood
albumin
38
Causes of decreased albumin?
1. malnutrition
2. malabsorption
3. severe liver disease
4. renal disease
5. GI conditions causing excessive loss
6. thyrotoxicosis
7. chemo
8. Cushings ideas
39
Result of decreased albumin?
edema
40
Cause of increased albumin [ ] ?
relative increase w/ hemoconcentration (ie severe loss of water)
41
Normal INR ?
0.89-1.3
42
Normal INR for pt on Warfarin?
2-3
43
Decreased ______ = increased risk of thrombosis
INR
44
Increased _____ = excessive bleeding tendencies
INR
45
Normal levels of RBC women?
3.5-5.8x10^12/L
46
Normal levels RBC men?
4.5-6.5x10^12/L
47
Causes of decreased RBCs? (4)
1. anemia
2. leukemia
3. hemorrhage
4. chronic infection
48
Causes of increased RBCs? (3)
1. polycythemia
2. renal disorders
3. decreased plasma volume (shock, vomiting. severe burns)
49
Normal Hb levels women?
12-16
50
Normal Hb levels men?
13-18
51
3 causes of decreased Hb?
1. anemia
2. hyperthyroidism
3. liver / kidney disease
52
S/S of decreased Hb? (4)
1. fatigue
2. dizziness
3. headache
4. lack of concentraion
53
Cause of increased Hb?
hemoconcentration disorders (burns, polycythemia. COPD, CCF)
54
Normal WBC count?
4-11 x10^9 / L
55
3 S/S of decreased WBC?
1. increased risk of bruising
2. use appropriate infection control
3. may fatigue easily
56
Normal neutrophil level
| ?
2.5-7.5
57
Decreased neutrophils = _____
neutropenia
58
Increased neutrophils = _______
neutrophilia
59
Cause of neutropenia ?
bacterial / viral infection
60
Cause of neutrophilia? (5)
1. bacterial infections
2. gout
3. poisoning
4. hemorrhage
5. necrosis
61
Normal levels lymphocytes?
1.3 - 5
62
Normal levels monocytes ?
0.2-0.8
63
Normal levels eosinophils?
0.04-0.4
64
3 causes increased eosinophils?
1. allergic reactions
2. parasitic diseases
3. immunodeficiency disorders
65
Normal levels basophils?
0.01-0.1
66
Normal levels platelets ?
150-400x10^9/L
67
Cause of decreased platelets ? (4)
1. thrombocytopenia
2. allergies
3. anemias
4. viral infections
68
Cause of decreased platelets ?
spontaneous bleeding and bruising
