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Written Prep > Lab Values > Flashcards

Lab Values Flashcards

1
Q

Normal levels sodium

A

135-145mmol/L

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2
Q

Decrease in sodium = ______

A

hyponatremia

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3
Q

3 organs that can cause hyponatremia?

A
  1. skin
  2. kidneys
  3. gut
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4
Q

Name S/S of decreased sodium (9)

A
  1. weakness
  2. postural hyPOtension
  3. syncope
  4. weight loss
  5. CV changes
  6. decreased skin turgor
  7. headachen confusion
  8. muscle spasm
  9. seizure
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5
Q

Increased sodium = _______

A

hypernatremia

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6
Q

2 reasons for hypernatremia ?

A
  1. increased intake

2. decreased excretion

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7
Q

Hypertramia S/S will be that of _______; name 4

A

dehydration!

  1. edema
  2. pulmonary edema
  3. HTN
  4. effusions
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8
Q

Normal potassium levels?

A

3.4 - 5.2 mmol/L

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9
Q

Decreased potassium = ______-

A

hypokalemia

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10
Q

5 causes of hypokalemia?

A
  1. alkalosis
  2. renal failure
  3. diarrhea
  4. vomiting
  5. diuretics
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11
Q

Name S/S of hypokalemia (10)

A
  1. weakness
  2. nausea
  3. vomiting
  4. fainting
  5. palpitations
  6. hypotonia
  7. confusion
  8. depression
  9. arrhythmias
  10. alkalosis
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12
Q

Increased potassium = _______

A

hyperkalemia

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13
Q

3 causes of hyperkalemia ?

A
  1. catabolism
  2. acidosis
  3. renal failure
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14
Q

2 S/S of hyperkalemia ?

A

Note: MINIMAL S/S! But can lead to:

  1. cardiac arrest
  2. ventricular fibrillation
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15
Q

Normal values calcium?

A

2.1 - 2.6 mmol/L (8.4 - 10.2 mEgl)

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16
Q

Decreased calcium = _______

A

hypocalcemia

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17
Q

Causes of hypocalcemia?

A
  1. vit D deficiency
  2. acute pancreatitis
  3. low blood albumin / magnesium
  4. increased urine excretion
  5. resp acidosis
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18
Q

Sign of hypocalcemia on ECG?

A

prolonged QT on ECG

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19
Q

Increased calcium = ______

A

hypercalcemia

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20
Q

5 causes of hypercalcemia?

A
  1. malignancy
  2. Paget’s disease
  3. OP
  4. immobilization
  5. renal failure
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21
Q

6 S/S of hypercalcemia?

A
  1. stones (kidney)
  2. groans (general pain)
  3. bones (muscle weakness and subsequent bone loss)
  4. thrones (constipation)
  5. psychiatric overtones (decreased cognition)
  6. shortened QT on ECG!
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22
Q

Normal Mg values ?

A

0.7-1.0 mmol/L (1.6-2.4 mEgl)

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23
Q

Decreased magnesium = ________

A

hypomagnesemia

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24
Q

3 causes of hypomagnesemia ?

A
  1. diarrhea
  2. renal disease
  3. chronic alcoholism
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25
Q

S/S of hypomagnesemia (4) ?

A
  1. muscle cramps
  2. hyperactive reflexes
  3. tremors
  4. overall weakness
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26
Q

Increased magnesium = _________

A

hypermagnesemia

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27
Q

2 causes of hypermagenesema ?

A
  1. renal failure

2. excessive intake

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28
Q

S/S of hypermagnesemia (3) ?

A
  1. nausea
  2. vomiting
  3. muscle weakness
29
Q

Normal fasting levels of glucose ?

A

3 - 5.5 mmol/L

30
Q

Impaired levels of glucose tolerance ?

A

5.5 - 7.8 mmol/L

31
Q

Glucose levels diagnostic of DM?

A

> 7.8 mmol/L

32
Q

Decreased glucose = _________

A

hyPOglycaemia

33
Q

6 S/S of hyperglycaemia ?

A
  1. thirst
  2. polyuria
  3. dehydration
  4. hypotension
  5. tachycardia
  6. drowsiness
34
Q

Increased glucose = ________

A

hyperglycaemia

35
Q

10 S/S of hypoglycaemia ?

A
  1. fatigue
  2. confusion
  3. detachment
  4. ataxia
  5. blurred vision
  6. dizziness
  7. paresthesia
  8. hemiparesis
  9. convulsions
  10. coma
36
Q

Normal values albumin?

A

36-50 g/L

37
Q

______ maintains osmotic pressure of blood

A

albumin

38
Q

Causes of decreased albumin?

A
  1. malnutrition
  2. malabsorption
  3. severe liver disease
  4. renal disease
  5. GI conditions causing excessive loss
  6. thyrotoxicosis
  7. chemo
  8. Cushings ideas
39
Q

Result of decreased albumin?

A

edema

40
Q

Cause of increased albumin [ ] ?

A

relative increase w/ hemoconcentration (ie severe loss of water)

41
Q

Normal INR ?

A

0.89-1.3

42
Q

Normal INR for pt on Warfarin?

A

2-3

43
Q

Decreased ______ = increased risk of thrombosis

A

INR

44
Q

Increased _____ = excessive bleeding tendencies

A

INR

45
Q

Normal levels of RBC women?

A

3.5-5.8x10^12/L

46
Q

Normal levels RBC men?

A

4.5-6.5x10^12/L

47
Q

Causes of decreased RBCs? (4)

A
  1. anemia
  2. leukemia
  3. hemorrhage
  4. chronic infection
48
Q

Causes of increased RBCs? (3)

A
  1. polycythemia
  2. renal disorders
  3. decreased plasma volume (shock, vomiting. severe burns)
49
Q

Normal Hb levels women?

A

12-16

50
Q

Normal Hb levels men?

A

13-18

51
Q

3 causes of decreased Hb?

A
  1. anemia
  2. hyperthyroidism
  3. liver / kidney disease
52
Q

S/S of decreased Hb? (4)

A
  1. fatigue
  2. dizziness
  3. headache
  4. lack of concentraion
53
Q

Cause of increased Hb?

A

hemoconcentration disorders (burns, polycythemia. COPD, CCF)

54
Q

Normal WBC count?

A

4-11 x10^9 / L

55
Q

3 S/S of decreased WBC?

A
  1. increased risk of bruising
  2. use appropriate infection control
  3. may fatigue easily
56
Q

Normal neutrophil level

?

A

2.5-7.5

57
Q

Decreased neutrophils = _____

A

neutropenia

58
Q

Increased neutrophils = _______

A

neutrophilia

59
Q

Cause of neutropenia ?

A

bacterial / viral infection

60
Q

Cause of neutrophilia? (5)

A
  1. bacterial infections
  2. gout
  3. poisoning
  4. hemorrhage
  5. necrosis
61
Q

Normal levels lymphocytes?

A

1.3 - 5

62
Q

Normal levels monocytes ?

A

0.2-0.8

63
Q

Normal levels eosinophils?

A

0.04-0.4

64
Q

3 causes increased eosinophils?

A
  1. allergic reactions
  2. parasitic diseases
  3. immunodeficiency disorders
65
Q

Normal levels basophils?

A

0.01-0.1

66
Q

Normal levels platelets ?

A

150-400x10^9/L

67
Q

Cause of decreased platelets ? (4)

A
  1. thrombocytopenia
  2. allergies
  3. anemias
  4. viral infections
68
Q

Cause of decreased platelets ?

A

spontaneous bleeding and bruising

Written Prep (9 decks)

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