Lab Values

Question 1

Sodium

Answer 1

135-145

hypo: h/a, n/v, fatigue, cramps, muscle spasms, irritability, restlessness.
hyper: thirst, lethargy, confusion, twitching spasms

Question 2

Potassium

Answer 2

3.5-5

hypo: cardiac irregularities, diminished or absent deep tendon reflexes, GI
hyper: cardiac irregularities, skeletal muscle weakness/paralysis, speech deficits, GI

Question 3

Calcium

Answer 3

9-11

hypo: cardiac arrhythmia, muscle ache/pain, bronchospasm, seizures, tetany, tingling
hyper: thirst, renal stones, anorexia, parethesis, confusion, abdominal pain

Question 4

Magnesium

Answer 4

1.7-2.2

hypo: numbness/tingling, muscle weakness, convulsions, muscle spasms, cramps, fatigue, nystagmus
hyper: N/V, respiratory distress, muscular weakness, cardiac dysrhythmias, CNS depression, hypotension

Question 5

Phosphorus

Answer 5

0.81 - 1.45

hypo: cardiac dysrhythmia, death, respiratory alkalosis, irritability, coma, confusion
hyper: muscular spasm/cramping, bone weakness, tetany, crystal accumulation –> MI, atherosclerosis, cerebrovascular accidents

Question 6

Albumin

Answer 6

3.5-5.5 g/dL

hypo: excess protein in urine, fluid retention, jaundice, weakness, tachycardia, liver failure, poor wound healing, affects medication administration
hyper: nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, dizziness, fever, numbness/tingling

Question 7

PT

Answer 7

11 - 12.5

monitors warfarin effectiveness
low - blood clots too quickly
high - blood clots too slowly

Question 8

aPTT

Answer 8

normal: 30-40
Heparin: 60-70 goal

monitors heparin effectiveness
low - blood clots too quickly
high - blood clots too slowly

Question 9

INR

Answer 9

0.8 - 1.2

low - blood clots too quickly
high - blood clots too slowly

Question 10

Platelets

Answer 10

150-400 x 10^9 / L

Low - Thrombocytopenia, easy bruising, prolonged bleeding, fatigue, enlarged spleen, jaundice, internal bleeding
High - Thrombocythemia - spontaneous clotting, headache, dizziness, peripheral issues, MI/Stroke/DVT

Question 11

d Dimer

Answer 11

< or = 500 ng/mL

low = negative
higher = potential clot

Question 12

pH

Answer 12

7.35 - 7.45

low - acidic
high - alkalosis

Question 13

paO2

Answer 13

80-100

low- hypoxia

Question 14

paCO2

Answer 14

35-45

low - alkalosis
high - acidic

Question 15

HCO3

Answer 15

22-26 = bicarb!

low - acidic
high - alkalosis

Question 16

saO2

Answer 16

95-100

low - hypoxia

Question 17

WBC

Answer 17

5-10 x 10^9

low - weak immune system
high - fighting infection

Question 18

Absolute Neutrophil Count

Answer 18

> 2500 normal
1000 low, but chemo is okay
< 1000 very low, no chemo, neutropenic precautions

sharply increased infection risk

Question 19

Hemoglobin (hgb)

Answer 19

Males: 14-18
Females: 12-16

Low: anemia, blood loss, bone marrow disorder, renal disease, lupus
High: erythrocytosis, shock, burns, dehydration, COPD, CHD

Question 20

Hematocrit (hct)

Answer 20

Males: 0.42-0.52
Females: 0.37-0.47

Low: anemia, blood loss, bone marrow disorder, renal disease, lupus
high: dehydration, low availability of oxygen, heart or lung disease?

Question 21

CK-MB

Answer 21

55-170 U/L

hyper: MI! muscle damage, muscular dystrophy, exercise, stroke

Question 22

Troponin I

Answer 22

< 0.035 ng/mL

any value = MI; heart damage

Question 23

Total Cholesterol

Answer 23

<200 mg/dL

High = bad

Question 24

LDL

Answer 24

<100

High = bad

Question 25

HDL

Answer 25

males >40
females > 50

High = good!!

Question 26

Triglycerides

Answer 26

<150

high = bad

Question 27

BUN

Answer 27

7-20 mg/dL

hypo: liver failure, over hydration, inadequate protein intake, pregnancy
hyper: renal failure, CHF, MI, kidney disease, shock, dehydration, excessive protein intake, diabetes, GI bleed

Question 28

Creatinine

Answer 28

0.6 - 1.2 min

hypo: renal disease, CHF, kidney obstruction, dehydration
hyper: diabetes, exercise, pregnancy, high protein diet

Question 29

Urinalysis: pH

Answer 29

4.5-8; too high = can crystallize

Question 30

Urinalysis: WBC

Answer 30

< 5/hpf

higher = infection

Question 31

Urinalysis: RBC

Answer 31

< 5/hpf

higher = injury in urinary tract

Question 32

Urinalysis: Ketones

Answer 32

negative (0) expected

if present = low insulin, vomiting, DM, exercise

Question 33

Urinalysis: Nitrites

Answer 33

negative (0) expected

if present = bacterial infection

Question 34

Phenytoin - therapeutic level

Answer 34

10-20 mcg/mL

toxicity: nystagmus, ataxia, sedation, double/blurred vision

Question 35

Digoxin - therapeutic level

Answer 35

0. 5 - 2 (sometimes 2.5?)

toxicity: cardiac dysrhythmias, CNS, GI, anorexia, NV

Question 36

Lithium - therapeutic level

Answer 36

below 1.5

some tremors normal –> increasing is bad
early toxicity: nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, muscle weakness, thirst
later toxicity: coarse tremor, GI, mental confusion, sedation

Question 37

Theophylline - therapeutic level

Answer 37

5-15 mcg/mL

seizures, dysrhythmias

Question 38

HgA1c

Answer 38

< 6.5

> 6.5 = diabetes

Question 39

CVP

Answer 39

2-6 mmHG or 5-10 cmH20

Question 40

Calcium Gluconate IVP rate

Answer 40

max: 1.5-2mL/min

Question 41

Post-burn fluid requirement formula for 24 hours

Answer 41

(4mL LR) x (weight in KG) x (% of TBSA burned)

1/2 given in first 8 hours

Question 42

Blood Glucose

Answer 42

70-110 mg/dL ideal

Question 43

Hypoglycemia

Answer 43

< 70 mg/dL

Question 44

Troponin T

Answer 44

< 0.10 ng/mL

Question 45

ICP normal

Answer 45

0-15 mm Hg

Question 46

Amylase

Answer 46

30-220 u/L

Question 47

Lipase

Answer 47

0-110 u/L

Question 48

AST

Answer 48

8-40 u/L

Question 49

ALT

Answer 49

10-30 u/L