Lab Values Flashcards by Lauren Youl

What are kidney function lab values?

Calcium - 9-11mg/dL

Magnesium - 1.5-2.5mg/dL

Phosphorus - 2.5-4.5mg/dL

Specific gravity - 1.010 - 1.030

GFR - 90-120

BUN - 7-20mg/dL

Creatinine - 0.6-1.2mg/dL

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What are complete blood count (CBC) lab values?

White blood cells (WBC)
4,500 - 11,000

Red blood cells (RBC)
4.5-5.5

Platelets (PLT)
150,000 - 450,000

Hemoglobin (HGB)
Females 12 - 16
Males 13 - 18

Hematocrit (HCT)
Females 36% - 48%
Males 39% - 54%

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What are liver function (LFT) lab values?

Alanine transaminase (ALT)
7 - 56 U/L

Aspartate transaminase (AST)
5 - 40 U/L

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
40 - 120 U/>

Bilirubin 0.1 - 1.2 mg/dL

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What are the different ranges to explain BMI?

Underweight <18.5

Healthy weight 18.5 - 24.9

Overweight 25 - 29.9

Obese >30

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What are the lab values for lipids (fats)?

Total cholesterol <200mg/dL

Triglycerides <15mg/dL

LDL (bad cholesterol)
<100mg/dL

HDL (good cholesterol)
>60mg/dL

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What are the lab values for a basic metabolic panel (BMP)?

Sodium 135 - 145
Potassium 3.5 - 5.0
Chloride 95 - 105
Calcium 9 - 11
BUN 7 - 20
Creatinine 0.6 - 1.2
Albumin 3.4 - 5.4
Total protein 6.2 - 8.2

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What are the main electrolyte lab values?

Sodium 135 - 145
Potassium 3.5 - 5
Phosphorus 2.5 - 4.5
Calcium 9 - 11
Magnesium 1.5 - 2.5
Chloride 95 - 105

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Answer the following about Glomerular filtration rate (GFR):
- description
- normal range
- reduced range
- elevated range

Description
- rate of blood that flows through the kidneys

Normal range
90 - 120ml/min

Reduced range =
- kidney dysfunction

elevated range =
- due to pregnancy

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Answer the following about Creatinine:
- description
- normal range
- reduced range
- elevated range

Description
- End product of muscle metabolism; solely filtered from blood via the glomerulus
- Better indication of kidney function than the BUN blood test

Normal range 0.6 - 1.2mg/dL

Reduced range =
- low muscle mass
- starvation
- due to hyperthyroidism
- due to liver disease

Elevated range =
- due to acute or chronic kidney disease
- due to congestive heart failure
- due to dehydration
- due to certain drugs

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Answer the following about BUN - blood, urea, nitrogen:
- Description
- normal range
- reduced range
- elevated range

Description
- normal waste product resulting from the breakdown of proteins in the body

Normal range 7 - 20mg/dL

Reduced range due to
- liver damage
- malabsorption
- poor diet
- low nitrogen diet

Elevated range due to
- acute or chronic kidney disease

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Answer the following about Urine Specific Gravity:
- description
- Normal range
- reduced range
- elevated range

Description
- a measure of the kidneys ability to excrete or conserve water

Normal range 1.010 - 1.030

Reduced range due to
- excessive fluid intake
- diabetes insipidus

Elevated range due to
- dehydration
- syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

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Answer the following about urine output:
- Description
- normal range
- reduced range
- elevated range

Description
- the amount of urine a person excretes

Normal range
- minimum 30ml/hr (1,500ml/day)

Reduced range due to
- shock
- trauma
- chronic kidney disease
- infection
- hypotension

Elevated range due to
- Diabetes mellitus
- diabetes insipidus
- too many diuretics

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Answer the following about total cholesterol:
- Description
- normal range
- reduced range
- elevated range

Description
- Measurement of the total amount of cholesterol in the blood

Normal range <200mg/dL

Reduced range
- lowers risk for heart disease and stroke

Elevated range
- higher risk for heart disease and stroke

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Answer the following about triglycerides:
- Description
- normal range
- reduced range
- elevated range

Description
- Most common type of fat in the body: takes food and stores it as energy (excess energy)

Normal range <150mg/dL

Reduced range
- Lower risk of heart disease and stroke

Elevated range
- higher risk of heart disease and stroke

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Answer the following about Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL):
- Description
- normal range
- Reduced range
- elevated range

Description
- Bad fats

Normal range <100mg/dL

Reduced range
- lower risk of heart disease and stroke

Elevated range
- higher risk of heart disease and stroke

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Answer the following about High Density Lipoproteins (HDL):
- description
- normal range
- reduced levels
- elevated levels

Description
- Good fats

Normal range
- females >40mg/dL
- males >55mg/dL

Reduced range
- Higher risk for heart disease and stroke

Elevated levels
- Lower risk for heart disease and stroke

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Answer the following about D-Dimer lab values:
- Description
- normal range
- reduced range
- elevated range

Description
- fragments of fibrin that are in the blood when a clot dissolves or is broken down

Normal range < 0.5mcg/ml

Reduced range
- normal or low levels rule out a blood clot in the body

Elevated range
- high levels indicate a possible blood clot or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (abnormal clots that use up blood clotting factors)

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Answer the following about B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) lab values:
- description
- normal range
- reduced range
- elevated range

Description
- Peptide that is released when the ventricle stretches from being filled with too much fluid

Normal range <100pg/ml

Reduced range
- helps to rule out heart failure

Elevated range
- may indicate congestive heart failure (CHF)

Answer the following about Troponin lab values:
- Description
- range
- elevated range

Description
- a protein found in heart muscle cells

Normal range
- Troponin I < 0.3ng/ml
- Troponin T < 0.1ng/ml

Elevated range
- best indicator for an acute myocardial infarction (MI)
- protein is released when the heart muscle is damaged

Explain the cardiac biomarker ‘Myoglobin’

Normal range 5 - 70ng/ml

Found in cardiac and skeletal muscle
NOT a specific indicator of an acute MI, but a negative result is good to rule out an acute MI

Explain the cardio biomarker ‘Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB)’

Normal range 0 - 5ng/ml

Cardiac specific isoenzyme but is less reliable than troponin
an enzyme is released into the blood stream when the heart, muscles or brain is damaged

Explain the ‘B-type Natriuretic peptide (BNP’ in relation to congestive heart failure (CHF)

A peptide that is released when the ventricle stretches from being filled with too much fluid

Ranges
Expected range < 100pg/ml
CHF is suspected 100 - 300pg/ml
Mild CHF > 300pg/ml
Moderate CHF > 600pg/ml
Severe CHF > 900pg/ml

What are the lab values for the Thyroid?

T3 - Triiodothyronine
Range 80 - 220ng/dL

T4 - Thyroxine
Range 4 - 12mcg/dL

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Range 0.05 - 5mU/L

What are the different ranges for Blood Glucose Levels (BGLs)?

Random/Normal range
4.0 - 7.8

Fasting
3.9 - 5.6

Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
< 7.8

HBA1c
53mmol/mol = 7%

What are the normal ranges for the following respiratory lab values: - PH - PaC02 - HC03 - Pa02 - Sa02

PH (acidosis) 7.35 - 7.45 (alkalosis) PaC02 - Carbon dioxide (alkalosis) 35 - 45 (Acidosis) HC03 - Bicarbonate in the blood (acidosis) 22 - 26 (alkalosis) Pa02 - Oxygen in the blood 80 - 100 < 80 = hypoxemia Sa02 - % of hemoglobin 95 - 100% < 95% = hypoxemia

Explain the Hematological lab values for the International Normalised Ratio (INR)

Normal range < 1 When on heparin therapy 2.0 - 3.0 INR is calculated from the prothrombin time (the time it takes the blood to clot) and is used to monitor oral anticoagulants - warfarin

Explain the blood test for Activated Partial Thromboplastin time (aPTT)

Normal range 30 - 40 seconds On Heparin 1.5 - 2x normal range aPTT measures how long it takes for a blood clot to form Used to monitor the effectiveness of the anticoagulant Heparin

Explain the blood test for Hematocrit (HCT)

Normal range Females 36% - 48% Males 39% - 54% The percentage of blood that is made up of red blood cells Reduced range - fluid retention - anemia - hemorrhage Elevated range - dehydration - low 02 availability

Explain the blood test for Hemoglobin (HGB)

Normal range Females 12 - 16 Males 13 - 18 -Iron containing protein found in red blood cells. - transports O2 from lungs to tissues - returns CO2 to the lungs Reduced range - fluid retention (hemodilution) - Anemia - Hemorrhage Elevated range - dehydration (hemoconcentration)

Explain the blood test for Platelets (PLT)

Normal range 150,000 - 450,000 - Helps clot the blood - platelet aggregation is the clumping together of platelets to form a plug @ the site of injury Reduced levels - bleeding (thrombocytopenia) Elevated levels - thrombocytosis - cancer - infection

Explain the blood test for White Blood Cells (WBC) count

Normal range 4,500 - 11,000 - WBCs are part of the immune system and fight infections and diseases Reduced levels - leukopenia - immunosuppression Elevated levels - leukocytosis - current or recent infection and/or inflammation - Glucocorticoid therapy

Explain the blood test for Red Blood Cells (RBC) count

Normal range Females 4.2 - 5.2 Males 4.7 - 6.1 - RBCs transport oxygen to cells Reduced levels - fluid volume overload - hemorrhage - anemia - renal disease Elevated levels - Dehydration/fluid volume deficit - hyperactivity of bone marrow

What are the normal lab values for the Hematological system?

RBCs Female 4.2 - 5.2 Males 4.7 - 6.1 WBCs 4,500 - 11,000 PLTs 150,000 - 450,000 HGB Females 12 - 16 Males 13 - 18 HCT Females 36% - 48% Males 39% - 54% aPTT Normal range 30 - 40 seconds On Heparin 1.5 - 2x normal range Prothrombin Normal range 10 - 12 seconds on Heparin 1.5 - 2x normal range INR Normal range <1 on Heparin 2.0 - 3.0 D-Dimer < 0.5mcg/ml

Explain the GI Lab Values for Ammonia

Normal range 10 - 80mcg/dL - NH3 is produced by cells in the body and used by the liver to make urea - if the liver stops working ammonia increases in the body - too much ammonia is very toxic, especially for the brain elevated levels - indication for liver dysfunction

Explain the GI lab values for: AST ALT

AST 0 - 35 U/L ALT 0 - 48 U/L - liver enzymes - must be tested together - AST is a less specific marker of liver function than ALT Elevated levels could indicate liver dysfunction

Explain the GI lab values for: - Albumin - Prealbumin

Albumin - helps keep fluid in the bloodstream Normal range 3.5 - 5.5g/dL Elevated levels could indicate dehydration Prealbumin - assess nutritional status Normal range 15 - 36mg/dL Reduced levels could indicate malnutrition

Explain the GI lab values for: - Biliruben

- Produced by the liver Normal range 0.2 - 1.2mg/dL - Elevated levels could indicate liver dysfunction - Jaundice (yellow discoloration of the skin) is due to high bilirubin levels. Usually visible when level > 2mg/L

Explain the GI lab values for: - Amylase - Lipase

Amylase - pancreatic enzyme - an indicator of pancreatitis Normal range 30 - 110u/L Lipase - pancreatic enzyme - better indicator of pancreatitis as levels are elevated for longer than amylase Normal range < 200u/L

What are the normal GI lab values?

Amylase 30 - 110 Lipase <200 Bilirubin 0.2 - 1.2 Albumin 3.5 - 5.5 Prealbumin 15 - 36 AST 0 - 35 ALT 0 - 48 Ammonia 10 - 80

Which labs indicate pancreatitis?

Elevated: - amylase - lipase - WBCs - Bilirubin - Glucose Reduced: - Platelets - Ca+ - Mg

Which labs indicate liver cirrhosis?

Elevated - Biliruben Reduced - Platelets - risk of bleeding - WBCs - risk of infection

Which labs indicate hepatitis?

Liver enzymes - all will be elevated - ALT - AST - Bilirubin - Ammonia

What are the lab values for arterial blood gases (ABGs)?

PH Acidosis < 7.35 Normal 7.35 - 7.45 Alkalosis > 7.45 CO2 Acidosis > 45 Normal 35 - 45 Alkalosis < 35 HCO3 Acidosis < 22 Normal 22 - 26 Alkalosis > 26