Lab Values Flashcards
What does CBC consist of?
Hemoglobin
Hematocrit
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
Platelets
What is the purpose and normal range of hemoglobin (for men and women)?
Proteins that carries and transfer oxygen to the tissues
Women: 12-16
Men: 14-18
What is the purpose and normal range of hematocrit (men and women)
Percentage or ratio of blood cells that are RBC
Women: 37-47
Men: 42-52
What is the normal range of RBC (men and women)?
Men: 4.7-6.1
Women: 4.2-5.4
What is the normal range of WBC? Indicate meaning if high or low
5,000-10,000
If high: infection
If low: immunocompromised
What is the normal range of platelets? Indicate meaning if high or low
150,000-400,000
If high: risk DVT (clotting)
If low: risk of bleeding
What test is used for heparin?
Range for anticoagulated
Range for those on heparin
PTT (Intrinsic Coagulation Cascade)
Not on heparin: 20-30s
on Heparin: 1.5-2.5x the normal
What test is used for Warfarin?
Range for anticoagulated
Range for those on Warfarin
PT or INR (Extrinsic Coagulation Cascade)
Not on Warfarin INR (0.9-1.2)
On Warfarin (2-3x normal)
What are the normal ranges for the following electrolytes:
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Phosphorus
Sodium: 135-145
Potassium: 3.5-5.0
Calcium: 9-10.5
Magnesium: 1.5-2.5
Chloride: 98-106
Phosphorus: 3.0-4.5
What happens if hemoglobin is high or low?
If high: good for transferring oxygen
If low: anemia
If both hct and hgb is dropping rapidly: hemorrhage
What happens if hematocrit is high or low?
if High: dehydration (ratio of blood solution and RBC)
If low: fluid overload
What is the purpose of BUN?
Blood Urea Nitrogen
Urea is from the proteins we eat. Those proteins are broken down into ammonia, which is further broken down into a waste product called Urea.
If increased, then it means, the kidneys are not able to filter out the waste product.
What is the purpose of Creatinine?
Creatinine
Waste products of muscles
If increased, then it means the kidneys are not able to filter out the waste products
What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate?
Refers to the Glomerulus (a bundle of capillaries in your nephron)
Nephrons are the functional unit of the kidney
It indicates the kidney’s ability to filter. More waste products are not being filtered out and being backed up in the blood.
Gradually decreases with age
What enzymes increases when the liver is stressed?
(hepatitis, cirrhosis, alcoholism)
ALP
AST
ALT
What enzymes decreases when the liver is stressed?
(hepatitis, cirrhosis, alcoholism)
Total Proteins
Albumin
(lives in the intravascular space in our veins - water’s buddy to keep water in the veins)
If Albumin decreases, then BP decreases, poor perfusion, and water leaks into third spacing
What is Troponin? And what happens if it increases?
Found in skeletal and cardiac muscles fibers to regulate muscle contraction.
The cardiac troponin increases to indicate heart injury
What is BNP? And what happens when it increases?
When there is fluid retention, the heart senses the need to pump harder (to push against resistance) to keep the fluid moving.
It releases BNP to signal the mechanism.
What is CPK? CPK-MB? And Myoglobin?
CPK - Helps generate energy
Increased = rhabdomyolysis
CPK-MB - indicates damage to the heart
Myoglobin - Damage to the muscles (like the heart)
What are tests in the Lipid Panel?
Total Cholesterol
HDL Cholesterol
LDL Cholesterol
Triglycerides
High LDL and triglycerides can put someone at risk for clogging up arteries
What is the physio pathway of Thyroid hormones?
What is the purpose?
- Hypothalamus signals pituitary to make thyroid hormones
- Pituitary Glands makes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Sends TSH to thyroid to make T3 and T4
Thyroid Hormones helps with giving lots of energy and metabolism
Abnormalities in the tests means a disruption of the loop
What is D-dimer?
Detects there are clots somewhere in the body
What is CRP and ESR?
Both indicates there is inflammation somewhere in the body
What does high and lows mean for following urine studies:
Specific Gravity
Osmolarity
Albumin
WBC
Protein
Glucose
Ketones
Specific Gravity
- High: dehydration
- Low: Diluted
Osmolarity
- High: dehydration
- Low: Diluted
Albumin
- >30: kidney disease
WBC
- High: inflammation, UTI
Protein
- If positive: kidney disease, preeclampsia
Glucose
- Positive: diabetes, kidney disease
Ketones
- Positive: diabetes, kidney disease
