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Pathophysiology Midterm #2 > Lab Values > Flashcards

Lab Values Flashcards

1
Q

Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC) & Differential

A
  • Hemoglobin
  • Red blood cell index (MCV, MCHC, RDW)
  • Reticulocyte coute
  • Hematocrit
  • Platelet
  • WBC
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2
Q

Hemoglobin (part of CBC)

A

oxygen carrying capacity

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3
Q

Red blood cell index (MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW) (part of CBC)

A

provide information on the physical features of the RBCs

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4
Q

Reticulocyte count (part of CBC)

A

a measurement of the absolute count of newly released young red blood cells

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5
Q

Hematocrit (part of CBC)

A

the volume of red blood cells in whole blood

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6
Q

Platelet (part of CBC)

A

colorless blood cells integral to clotting

- ASA can interfere with formation of platelet

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7
Q

WBC (part of CBC)

A

exit in the blood, lymphatic system and tissues; protect against infection

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8
Q

Low hemoglobin means:

A

blood loss, inadequate nutrition

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9
Q

High hemoglobin means (8)

A
  • lung disease, heart disease, polycythemia vera, kidney tumors, dehydration, hypoxia, carbon monoxide exposure, high altitude
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10
Q

Low hematocrit means: (6)

A

overhydration, anemia, bone marrow suppression, leukemia, lead poisoning, chemotherapy treatment

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11
Q

High hematocrit means (6)

A

dehydration, low oxygen availability due to smoking, polycythemia vera, tumors, lung diseases, congenital heart disease

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12
Q

High platelet means: (5)

A 
leukemia, 
myeloproliferative disorders (which cause blood cells to grow abnormally in bone marrow), 
inflammatory conditions, 
acute infections,
 iron deficiency
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13
Q

Low platelet means (5)

A 
viral infections,
 lupus, 
leukemia, 
chemotherapy, 
pernicious anemia (due to vitamin B12 deficiency)
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14
Q

Five types of WBC

A 
Neutrophils
lymphocytes
basophils
eosinophils 
monocytes/lymphocytes
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15
Q

neutrophils

A

increase with bacterial infection

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16
Q

lymphocytes

A

increase with viral infections

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17
Q

Eosinophils

A

increase with allergic reactions

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18
Q

++ Blast cells

A
  • immature WBCs

- present in leukemia and advanced infections

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19
Q

Magnesium

A

muscle relaxation

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20
Q

Hyper magnesium cause

A
  • ingestion of antacids that contain magnesium

- decreased ability of the kidneys to excrete magnesium

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21
Q

Hyper magnesium manifestations

A
  • muscle relaxed
  • decreased DTR
  • respiratory arrest
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22
Q

hyper magnesium: intervention

A
  • IV calcium
  • Diuretics
  • Dialysis
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23
Q

Hypo magnesium: cause

A

malnutrition

malabsorption

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24
Q

Hypo magnesium manifestations

A

muscle excitement
increase DTR (deep tendon reflex)
- seizure
- tachycardia

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25
Q

Hypo magnesium intervention

A

IV magnesium

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26
Q

Phosphate

A

muscle contraction, regulation of calcium

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27
Q

hyper phosphate cause

A
  • CKD
  • hypoparathyroidism, or metabolic respiratory acidosis
  • associated with hypocalcemia
28
Q

hyper phosphate manifestations

A
  • symptoms of hypocalcemia
  • trousseau’s sign
  • chvostek sign
  • weak bone
29
Q

Hyper phosphate intervention

A
  • IV N/S with diuretic to increase urinary phosphate excretion
  • In/out monitor
  • Dialysis
30
Q

Hypo phosphate cause

A
  • alcohol use disorder

- burns, starvation, and diuretic use

31
Q

Hypo phosphate manifestations

A
  • constipation
  • kidney stones
  • muscle weakness
  • decreased HR and RR
32
Q

Hypo phosphate intervention

A
  • IV phosphate

- Monitor s/s of low cardiac output (dyspnea, hypotension)

33
Q

Chloride

A

Maintain BP, blood volume, and pH balance

34
Q

Hyper chloride cause

A

prolonged dehydration, high level of blood sodium, diabetes insipidus (not enough ADH)

35
Q

Hyper chloride manifestations

A

N&V, dry mouth, swollen tongue, confusion

36
Q

Hyper chloride intervention

A
  • treating underlying cause

- PO/IV fluid

37
Q

Hypo chloride cause

A

vomiting, diarrhea, CHF, chronic lung disease, chemo

38
Q

Hypo chloride manifestations

A

Diarrhea, vomiting, sweating, fever

39
Q

Hypo chloride: intervention

A

IV N/S

40
Q

Kidney Function Test: 3 components

A
  • Blood urea and nitrogen (BUN)
  • Creatinine
  • GFR
41
Q

Blood urea and nitrogen (component of kidney function test)- BUN

A

is a waste product formed in liver from protein breakdown and carried to kidneys, then filtered out of blood, and excreted through urine

42
Q

creatinine (component of kidney function test)

A

a chemical waste produced by muscle metabolism

43
Q

GFR (component of GFR)

A

amount of blood the glomeruli can process in 1 minute

44
Q

Normal Urinalysis: Normal findings

  • appearance
  • color
  • odor
  • leukocyte
  • nitrites
  • ketones
  • protein
A
  • clear
  • amber yellow
  • aromatic
  • negative
  • none
  • none
  • none
45
Q

Clear to dark yellow

A

normal

46
Q

amber to honey yellow

A

dehydrated

47
Q

orange

A

dehydration, intake of rifampicin, consumption of orange food dye

48
Q

brown ale

A

severe dehydration, liver disease

49
Q

Pink to reddish

A

consumption of beets, rhubarb, or blueberries, mercury poisoning, tumors, kidney diseases, prostate problems, UTI

50
Q

Blue or green

A

consumption of asparagus, genetic disorders, excess calcium, heartburn medications, multivitamins

51
Q

Deep purple

A

porphyria

52
Q

Nitrites

A

bacterial infection is present in the urinary tract

53
Q

Ketones

A

ketones are by-products of fat metabolism, and they form whenever there is not enough carbohydrate present for energy production

54
Q

Albumin

A
  • presence of albumin in urine is the sign of kidney disease
  • causes: preeclampsia, multiple myeloma inflammation, urinary tract injury, malignancies and other disorders that destroy red blood cells
55
Q

LFT

A
  • primary liver damage
  • altered biliary function
  • altered synthesis
56
Q

Primary liver damage (part of LFT)

A
  • ALT

- AST

57
Q

Altered Biliary Function (Part of LFT)

A
  • total bilirubin
  • alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
  • GGT
58
Q

Altered synthesis (part of LFT)

A
  • albumin

- clotting factors (measured by prothrombin time or PT)

59
Q

Prothrombin Time (PT)

A
  • it is a measure of how quickly blood clots. result is the time in seconds that is required for the blood to clot.
  • blood plasma normally takes between 11 and 13.5 seconds to clot if you are not taking blood-thinning medication. PT results often are reported as international normalized ratio (INR) thats expressed as a number
60
Q

INR - what does high number mean?

- what does low number mean?

A
  • international normalized Ratio
  • high number: the higher your INR, the longer it takes your blood to clot therefore the risk of bleeding increases
  • low number: the lower the INR, the faster the blood clots putting you at risk for thromboembolism
61
Q 
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LD or LDH)
- what is being tested?
A

an enzyme involved in energy production that is found in almost all body cells. with the highest levels found in the cells of the heart, liver, muscles, kidneys, lungs, and in blood cells: bacteria also produce LD. This test measures the level of LD in the blood or sometimes other body fluids,

  • ordered as part of LFT (Not always)
  • more of a blood test for trending tissue damage
62
Q

Cardiac Markers

A

High sensitivity troponin

Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)

63
Q

High Sensitivity Troponin

A
  • troponin T
  • can help ID patients who have experienced damage to their heart
  • can be elevated in patients with stable angina even when they are without symptoms; indicates increased risk of future heart events
  • levels can become elevated within 3-4h after injury
  • can remain elevated for 10-14 days following injury
64
Q

Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)

A
  • a small protein
  • continually produced in the heart
  • released in larger quantities when the heart is having to work harder
  • supports fluid retention and volume expansion intravascularly
  • tested when heart failure is suspected
65
Q

How often are lab values ordered?

A
  • once a day

- depends on condition: q8h, q4h, prn

66
Q

what do you do if lab values are abnormal?

A

notify the doctor and begin interventions

Pathophysiology Midterm #2 (9 decks)

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