lab test review from labs.. Flashcards
Group A streptococci cause what
(S. pyogenes) pharyngitis, skin infections
Group B streptococci cause what
(S. agalactaie) colonize in genital tract.. cause neonatal meningitis and sepsis
Group D strepptococci..
(Enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium, non enterococci) memebers of normal flora as long as in colon, can leave and cause urinary, biliary and cardio infections
a hemolytic
shows up green, partial hemolysis
b hemolytic
shows up clear, complete hemolysis. Production of hemolysin enzymes called streptolysin S and O
y hemolytic
no hemolysis, no space
Plasmids and Bacteriophages. Virulence genes.
plasmids and bacteriophages= extra chromosomal DNA elements that replicate independent of genomic DNA, allow exchange between strains and types of bacteria
Plasmids contain Virulence genes= which encode toxins, enzymes, etc that help bacteria overwhelm host tissues and immunity and obtain nutrients (ex staphylococcal toxins hemolysin and fibrinolysis) plasmids also carry genes that effect resistance to antimicrobials
Bacterial growth curve
Lag (vigorus metabolic activity but no divide), Log ( rapid cell division), Stationary (nutrient depletion or toxic products slow growth), Death (decline in number of viable bacteria)
bacteria adapt to their enviornment by ???
controlling gene expression (most common = changing amount of mRNA transcription)
Bacteria cell division
- elongation and dna replication 2. cell wall and plasma membrane divide, formation of septum 3. cross wall form around divided DNA 4. seperation
bacterial enzyme- Catalase
WBC produce h202 to kill bacteria, bacteria produce cataalse which converts h202 to water and 02 (subvert immune cells)
bacterial enzyme- Coagulase
forms clot around bacteria to protect it from immune cell ** pathogenic staphylococcus have this but non path don’t
Gram pos vs gram neg membrane components
Pos= has techtoic acid
neg= outer membrane, periplasmic space, etc
Cytoplasmic membrane ( plasma memebrane)
primary bacteria cell membrane, phospholipids (70% of membrane mass), has proteins ( selective perm, electron transport, oxidative phosphoralization, excretion hydrolytic exoenzymes, enzymes, receptors etc)
what chemical used to do gram staining test
crystal-violet
facultative anaerobes
with or without 02 ex. E coli. (normal gut, pathogenic otherwise cause uti or wound infection)
obligate anaerobes
need 02 (aerobic metabolsim). ex. staphylococcus epidermis
Anerobes
no 02. most vaginal and gut flora. ex gardinella vaginalis
cocci
small spheres
3 cocci subtypes
diplococci (2), stretococci (strips), staphylococci ( grapes)
bacilli
pills
spirochetes
worms
bacteria
smaller than one um ( except bacillus anthracis)… most abundant and tolerant organisims
prokaryotes (bacteria)
no neuc, genomic DNA single chromosome, plsmids, t&T carrried out from genomic DNA, protective think cell wall and lipid layers
eukaryotes (protozoa, fungi, vertabrates)
dna carried in several chromosomes, nucleus, translation from mrna on ribosomes, organelles, single plasma membrane
pH of gastric juice, saliva, blood, urine
GJ: 1-3 saliva: 6.5 blood: 7.3-7.5 Urine: 5-8
ionic bonds
attraction of positive and negative charges by transfer of electrons.
in tissues and electrolytes. give strength to bones and teeth. not common.
electrolyte
substance that breaks up into pos and neg ions when disollves, important for nerve regulation, muscle function, hydration, blood balance ph, bp etc
covalent bonds
strongest, sharing of electrons. carbon.can be double or triple
high protien in urine
proteinuria. kidney disease, pregnancy induced HTN
high glucose in urine
DM, kidney disease, low levels common in pregnancy. high levels = GDM
high ketones in urine
DM, anorexia, low CHO diet (high lipid or protein metabolism)
High Urobilinogen
waste product from hemoglobin, gives urine yellow colour, hemolytic or percicious anemia
HIgh billirubin
liver disease
nitrite in urine
UTI
hemoglobin/rbc in urine
kidney disease, infection, trauma, tumor
WBC in urine
infection
hamatocrit normaml level
40-45%
RBC deficiency
anemia, hemmmorhage, vitamin deficiency
RBC high
hypoxia, dehydration
HIgh to low WBC in blood
NLMEB. 60-70, 20-40,3-8, 2-4,2-4
Neutrophil,lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil
