actual labs Flashcards
what staining method helps see blood components
HEMA 3 fixative
what do erythrocytes look like
(RBC) bioconcave, anucleate (no neuc)
Leukocyte types
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils. NLMEB
two differences between compound microscope and magnifying glass
multiple layered lenses, light source, stationary
function of sub stage condenser
focuses light beneath stage on specimen
function of iris diaphram
vary amount of ight shown on specimen (visibility)
function of immersion oil
allow for sharper image, reduces difference between specimen and lens creating more focused image
highest and lowest power on microscope
40, 1000
normal WBC count
<0.1%, higher can indicate infection
elevated eosinophil count?
disease or allergic reaction
in a cell what structures are stained by methalyne blue and why
meth blue reacts with nucleic acids which are found in dna, so structures with dna such as mitochondira and nucleus are stained
difference in adult vs nb blood smear
nb much higher, how quickly babies grow, need more blood and o2 supply.
parts of physical examination of urine
quantity, colour, transparency, specific gravity
HIgh and low urine production causes
high- diabetes, infection, excess fluid intake,
low- acute infections, low fluid intake, dehydration, shock
urine colour indications
normal- plae yellow (hydration)
red- blood, hematuria or hemoglobin- hemoglobinuria
urine transparency indications
cloudiness or smoke indicates suspended material (mucus, bacteria)
what is specific gravuty and what does it indicate in urine
weight of dolution compared to water. normal urine is more dense than water (1.05 to 1.020), solutes in urine increase density.
Chemical examination of urine components
pH, protien, glucoe, ketones, urobilinogen, blood, wbc, nitrate
Ph of urine and abnormal indications
normal 5-9. low ph indicate renal comp for high H+ in blood.
protien in urine
usually so low undetectable. protien in urine = protenuria. caused by kidney infection, UTI, pregnancy indiced hypertension.
glucose in urine
kidneys capacity for gluocose exceeded, glucose excreted in urine. Glysosuria. high levels indicate diabetes mellitus. In pregnancy higher levels than avg but very high = GDM.
ketones in urine
products of lipid metabolism found in blood, not normally urine. Insulin dependant diabetics or people w abnormal carb metabolism have keytone bodies in urine.. keytonuria.
acetone, acetoaetic acid or hydrooxybutyric acid in urine.
urobilinogen in urine
byproduct of hemoglobin degration. small amounts normal, give urine its colour. high levels indicate high levels of heme being broken down and may indicate pathology.
blood in urine
hemoglobinuria or hematuria. abnormal. kidney or uniary tract disease. on multistix spots indicate whole RBC, solid coulor indicate hemolysis.
wbc in urine
UTI or kidney infection
Nitrite in urine
UTI
Urine test strip
MULTISTIX
why examine particulate components of urine (sediment)
Diagnosis of pathology. see crystals, epitheleal cells, rbc, leukocytes, bacteria, casts (agglomerations of blood cells or protien in the shape of a kidney tubule)
what to use to stain sediment after centrifuging urine
sedistain
on multistix, itact rbc (no hemolysis) indicates what?
presence of rbc in urinary tract (green speckles on strip), lesion or bleeding in urinary tract. this is not normal. Normal would be Hemolysis (solid strip)
normal solutes of urine which contribute to specific gravity. what is specific gravity??
urea, sodium, potassium, chloride etc.
normal >1.
how is billirubin transported in blood? Conj and un conj?
unconj- not water soluble and bound to albuminium- from breakdown of hemoglobin in spleen
conj- water soluble, addition of glucuronic acid- in liver
what breakdown billirubin products normally encountered in urine? when billirubin found in urine?
urobilinogen breakdown product of billiruibin, found in liver.
Bilirubin found in urine indicates abnormal kidney function such as infection.
Hemolysis is…
when plasma membrane of rbc breaks and hemoglobin leaks out
isotonic
the same solute concentration as another solution, osmotic pressure (flow in and out of cell is equal and balenced)
hypertonic
has a higher solute concentration than another solution, a caell placed in hypertonic solution would have water flow out of it, causing the shell to shrivel
Crenation
water rushing out of a RBC causing it to shrivel
hypotonic
has a lower solute concentration than another solution. a cell placed in hypotonic solution water would rush in and cause the cell to swell and could cause bursting.
hematocrit…
rbc.. packed cell volume, cells vs fluid
highet of packed rbc/total height of fluid column
normal male and female hematocrit levels
male: 42-52%
female: 36-46%
rbc and 0.9% nacl
solution isotonic to rbc. shape stays same, no osmotic movement
rbc and 3.0% nacl
solution is hypertonic to rbc. cause rbc to shrivel, wtaer flows out of rbc
rbc in distilled water
solution is hypotonic, water flows into rbc and swells
rbc in glucose
hypertonic in comparison to rbc, cause rbc to shrivel
solute concentration compared to water (osmotic pressure)
high water pressure = low solute presssure.
low water pressure = high solute prrssure.
water flows from areas of high to low
solute flows from areas of low to high
low hematocrit level?
low rbc. anemia, vitamin deficiency, blood loss.
what type of reactions do buffers participate in? what is their goal?
equilibrium reactions. balance products and reactants. prevent drastic change in ph: act to change strong acids/ base to weak.
H+ and buffer systems
if H+ increase buffers work to consum, if H+ decrease buffers aim to produce
3 buffer systems
- phosphate 2. bicarbonate 3.protien
protien buffer system
most effective system. protiens made of amino acids. amino acids have many carboxyl groups (COOH) and amino groups (NH2). COOH acts as an acid and releases H+ to lower PH, NH2 acts as a base and binds with H+ to raise Ph.
bicarbonate buffer system
bicarbonate (HCO3) acts as weak base and binds to H+, raising ph, carbonic (H2CO3) can realease H+ like weak acid and lower ph
phosphate buffer system.
monohydrogen phosphate HPO4 acts as weak base, binding H+, dihydrogen phosphate H2Po4 realese H+ like weak acid and lowers ph
gross colony characteristics
size, form, elevation, margin, color, density, surface, consistancy.
observations of hemolysis ( gross colony plate)
alpha- partial hemolysis, green or grey halo
beta- complete hemolysis, transparent halo
gamma y- no hemolysis
Gramstaining
divide bacteria into gram negative and gram positive.
uses: crystal violet (stains) iodine (fixes stain) decolourise (gram pos will hold violet gram neg will not) Safranin ( stain gram neg)
3 species of microbes in vaginal flora
Gardnerella vaginalis , lactobacillus crispatus, lactobacillus iners
