Lab Test #2 Flashcards
How many hands do you use on a microscope and where would they go?
Two- one around the arm and the other under the base
The Bottom part on which the microscope rests
Base
The angular part of the frame
Arm
The part that holds the ocular
Body Tube
Lens at the top of the body tube, magnification of 10X
Ocular (Eyepiece)
The circular plate at the bottom of the body tube
Nosepiece
Lens with magnification of 4X
Scanning
Lens with magnification of 10X
Low-Power
Lens with magnification of 40X or 43X
High-power
Lens with magnification of 100X, may not be present
Oil Immersion
The platform on which the slide is placed
Stage
Two clips that hold the slide in place
Stage Clips
Provides built-in illumination (no mirror is needed)
Light
Located below the stage and regulates the amount of light passing through the stage
Diaphragm
A nonmovable lens located in the hole of the stage (does not affect magnification)
Condenser
Larger knob that raises and lowers the body tube for focusing
Coarse Adjustment Knob
The external knob that is used for final focusing
Fine Adjustment Knob
Only use Coarse Adjustment Knob on the what?
Scanning Objective
Only use the fine adjustment knob on the what?
Low and High power objectives
On a microscope what do you always clean?
Ocular, Objectives, Condenser, and Light
Keep what open when using a microscope?
Both eyes
Locate your object through the what
Scanning objective
Your microscope is what
par focal
Always the nose piece or the stage before placing or removing a slide
Raise- lower
Putting away your microscope
- Remove the slide
- Turn off light
- put scanning lens in place
- turn adjustment knobs to position objectives as close to the stage as possible
- Wrap cord around the base
- cover microscope
- use two hands to transport
If you move your slide to the left where does the image move?
To the right
if you move your slide away from you where does the image move?
towards you
How many times greater was the maginification on high power than on low power
4 times
The fundamental unit of all living organism is the what?
Cell
Each kingdom of organisms has different what?
Structural features
All cells are surrounded by what
Cell membrane
Transparent jelly like material spread all throughout the cell
Cytoplasm
Control Center for a cell
Nucleus
Plant cells have an extra covering called a what and lies where
Cell Wall- outside the cell membrane
The cell wall does what
Strengthens and protects the cell
Green part of a plant cell that allows it to carry out photosynthesis
Chloroplast
A nonliving, porous semi-rigid casing for the living organism
Cell Wall
The viscous, granular mass of protoplasm, gray or blue in appearance depending on the stain
Cytoplasm
A selectively permeable covering around the protoplasm that regulates transported materials
Cell Membrane
A clear area in cell that is not occupied by cytoplasm and is not present in young cells (often found in the center)
Vacuole
Any structure of the cell with specific functions
Organelle
Watery solution filling vacuoles
Cell sap
The organelle containing the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells, usually visible as a round body darker in color than the cytoplasm
Nucleus
A green oval pigmented organelle varying in number
Chloroplast
One or more dark stained areas within the nucleus containing protein and RNA
Nucleolus
A flowing motion of granules causing the chloroplasts and other organelles to be pushed around
Cytoplasmic streaming (Cyclosis)
Feature in an animal cell which functions in cell division
Pair of Centrioles
Organelles only in plant cells
Cell wall, vacuole, ad chloroplast
Organelles only in animal cells
Centrioles and Lysosomes
Path of light through a microscope numbering each part of the microscope as the light passes throughout from the light to the oculars?
lighsource diaphragm condenser stage objectives revolving nose piece body tube ocular
Plant and animal cells are alike in that both possess
Plasma Membrane
A student will be able to identify cells viewed with a microscope as plant cells because plant cells possess
Chloroplast
a plant cell organelle that stores dissolved material is the_____.
Vacuole
Two organelles that are present in a plant cell but are not present in an animal cell include:
Chloroplast and cell wall
a chemical substance (green pigment) that is present in Elodea cell, but is not present in the onion skin cell, is______.
Chlorophyll
a structure having a similar function in both plant and animal cells is the ______
Plasma Membrane
a cell that possesses chlorophyll usually also possesses a
Cell wall
The microscopically visible structures of a stained cheek cell are the
nucleus
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
the structure in a cheek cell appearing darker by absorbing most of the stain is the
Nucleus
the shape of an elodea cell is described as
Elongated rectangles
the green spheroid organelles within elodea cells are the
Chloroplast
the flowing motion of the cytoplasm, within the elodea cells, which cause the organelles (chloroplasts) to move, is known as
cytoplasmic streaming or cyclosis
the center of most plant cells, such as elodea, appears to be empty. This is due to the presence of
A large central vacuole
cell structure that is common to both a typical plant cell and a
nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane
When comparing Elodea cells with cheek cells, what is true?
Elodea cells have a cell wall, a central vacuole and chloroplasts, but cheek cells do not have these structures.
advantage of staining cells
to increase the contrast of cellular structures that would otherwise be transparent against a transparent background
cell structures that can be seen in a stained onion cell include:
nucleus, nucleolus and cell wall
an organelle that is present in elodea cells, but not present in onion cells is the
chloroplasts
an important cellular process that is performed by Elodea cells, but not by the observed onion cell is
photosynthesis
the organelle common to all types of cells, that encloses the cytoplasm and controls cell transport is the
Plasma Membrane
After observing an unstained slide with a microscope, which organelle enables you recognize or identify the cell as a plant or an animal cell?
Chloroplast
the membrane bound cytoplasmic storage organelle containing dissolved material is
Vacuole
organelle, found in an animal cell, but not found in a plant cell, functions in cell division such as mitosis includes;
Centriole
chemical compound in Elodea cells, but not in onion cells is
Chlorophyll
the structure that surrounds a plant cell, but is not found in an animal cell is
Cell Wall
One of the most important processes that occurs in living organism
Mitosis
The means by which a single celled organism reproduce, multicellular organism grow, and the process by which damaged cells are replaced
Mitosis
Mitosis occurs at different rates among carious
organisms T or F
true
What is Mitosis dependent on?
Type of cell, location, and the organism’s needs
In plant mitosis a _______ forms to divide the cell into two daughter cells
Division plate
In animal mitosis a _____ forms to pinch the cell into two daughters cells
Cleavage furrow
Animal cells also have centrioles which forms ____ and the ________ during mitosis
asters- spindle fibers
Plant cells form _______ from the microtubules present in the cytoplasm
Spindle Fibers
Mitosis occurs most rapidly in tissues that are no longer growing T or F
False, actively growing
What do we call this tissue in plants
Meristematic tissue
This tissue is found in areas of growth which include
tips of roots and stems and just under the bark called the cambium
Phase not apart of Mitosis
Interphase
Directly follows Interphase. The nuclear membrane breaks down, and the individual chromosomes begin to condense or shorten
Prophase
A cell plate develops across the center of the cell in plant cells only.
Telophase
Chromosomes are located across the middle, equator, of the cell
Metaphase
The chromatids separate from each other and begin to migrate toward the opposite poles
Annaphase
Referred to as the resting stage
Interphase
An indention called the cleavage furrow, separates the cytoplasm in animal cells and separates the chromosome groups, which in turn become surrounded by their own nuclear membranes
Telophase
DNA replicates or duplicates itself
Interphase
Nuclear division or mitosis is now complete with the appearance of two distinct nuclei
Telophase
Nucleoli reappear and Spindle Fibers disappear
Telophase
What would happen if cells could no longer undergo mitosis?
Cells would not be able to reproduce
Are any cells produced by any means other than mitosis?
Yes, when egg and sperm unite, they form new cells by combining instead of splitting from old ones
The collective sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur in the cell
Metabolism
Every living organism carries out chemical reactions. T or F
True
It is essential to the life of an organism that these reactions occur at an extremely and at a safe
rapid rate- temperature
What speed up the rate of chemical reactions
Enzymes which are proteins
Without an , life on Earth would not be possible
increased reaction rate
Therefore, all of the reactions that occur in an organism have a what?
Enzyme
What does every enzyme have?
A specific shape that fits the shape of its substrate
The two molecules physically combine and form an enzyme-substrate complex when what happens?
An enzyme reacts with its substrate
Equation for Enzymatic Reaction
Substrate+ Enzyme –> End Product+ Enzyme
Substances that make it possible for cells to perform metabolic activities essential for life
Enzymes
The chemical reactions that occur in a cell are mediated by what
Enzymnes
May involve synthesis or breakdown of such organic compounds as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids
The Enzymatic Activity
Each enzyme has a specific action that causes a specific change in a what
Substrate
A collective term for all of the chemical reactions occurring in a cell
Metabolism
The term for an organic catalyst that increases the rate of a metabolic reaction
Enzyme
After a reaction, an enzyme releases what
Product
A term for the type of enzymatic reactions in which substrates are broken down to form the products
Degradation Reactions
A term for the type of enzymatic reactions in which substrates are joined together to form the products
Synthetic
The substrates in today’s experiment
H2 O2
The enzyme in today’s experiment
Catalase
The source of the enzyme in todays experiment
Potato
The bubbling observed in todays experiment resulted from the formation of the what
02
High pH results in catalase activity
Low
Low pH results in catalase activity
Low
Neutral pH results in activity
High
The acid used in todays experiment
HCl
The base used in todays experiment
NaOH
In general, an inappropriate pH will an enzyme
Denture
Reactant in an enzyme-controlled reaction
Substrate
Organic catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds up a reaction in cells due to its particular shape
Enzyme
Substance that participates in a reaction
Reactant
Loss of proteins or enzymes normal shape so that it no longer functions
Denature
The sum of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell
Metabolism
Region of an enzyme where the substrate binds and where the chemical reaction occurs
Active Site
