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Biology 2 > Lab Test 2 > Flashcards

Lab Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the general equation of ACR

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2= 6CO2+ 6H2O+ HEAT+ ATP (36/38)

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1
Q

What are the main differences between cellular respiration and fermentation

A

cellular respiration: uses O2, happens in 4 main stages (in cytoplasm and mitochondria) and produces 36-38 ATP/glucose

Fermentation: doesn’t use O2, happens in 2 or 3 steps (in cytoplasm), 2 kinds and produces 2 molecules of ATP

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2
Q

What is the main purpose of ACR

A

break down chemical bonds in sugar to povide energy for the cell.

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3
Q

What are the 4 steps of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis
pyruvate oxidation
Citric acid cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

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4
Q

Briefly explain what happens in glycolysis

A

glucose molecule is split in half (2 pyruvate molecules). It uses 2 ATP to drive the hydrolysis and produces 4 atp and 2 NADH molecules
happens in cytoplasm

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5
Q

Briefly explain what happens in pyruvate oxidation

A

The carboxyl group is removed from the pyravet and the remainder molecule is oxidized to make acetyl coA
produces 2 co2 and 2 NADH per glucose
happens in matrix of mitochondria

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6
Q

Briefly explain what happens in Kreb’s cycle

A

cycle since oxaloacetate is regenerated in last step, acetyl coa reacts with oxaloacetate to make citrate. Produces 6 NADH, 2 FADH, 4 CO2, 2 ATP, happens in matrix

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7
Q

Briefly explain what happens in oxidative phosphorylation

A

two main parts : ETC and Chemiosmosis
ETC: series of multiprotein complexes that oxidizes NADH/FADH2 to transfer their e- and power a H+ gradient

Chemiosmosis: Uses H+ gradient to power ATP synthesis (with enzyme ATP Synthase)
Makes 32 ATP per glucose

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8
Q

What are the 2 kinds of fermentation

A

alcohol and lactic acid

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9
Q

Describe the process of alcohol fermentation

A

glucose is oxidized into pyruvate (glycolysis). step 2: carboxyl group is removed to make acetaldehyde which gets reduced into ethanol
Only 2 atp made from glycolysis

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10
Q

Whats the chemical equation of fermentation

A

C6H12O6= 2 C2H5OH+ 2 CO2 + 2 ATP

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11
Q

what are the 3 pathways that metabolize pyruvate

A

ACR (oxidizes pyruvate)
Lactate fermentation (reduced)
Alcohol fermentation (reduced)

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12
Q

what’s the RQ ratio

A

RQ ratio is the amount of CO2 produced during respiration divided by the amount of O2 uptake in a tissue.

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13
Q

Explain why RQ ration was relevant in terms of types of substrates in cellular respiration

A

when sugars are used the ratio is 1, but when fats are used the O2 uptake increases since more C-C bonds in fats which means more electron carriers are generated= more O2 needed and less CO2 is made

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14
Q

Explain the pea seedling demonstration

A

germinating pea seedling are placed in test tube, has a cotton layer and one inch of soda lime over the cotton= this absorbs any CO2 gas produced. Tube is surrounded by aluminum foil to prevent photosynthesis from interfering

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15
Q

What is the main substrate in the ACR of pea seedlings

A

starch, which means volume O2 used=volume of CO2 released

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16
Q

Explain simply the two experiments in lab 5

A

The first experiment is focused on the rate of fermentation in yeast, by testing different carbohydrates as the substrate (glucose, maltose, sucrose and lactose)

The second experiement is about ACR in peed seedling

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17
Q

Why would it be optimal to wait before gathering data when using maltose as substrate for yeast fermentation

A

The lag period, when matlose enters the cell it stimulates the synthesis of 2 enzymes: maltase and matose permease, depending on yeast strain the enzymes could take up to 15 min before appearing.
synthesiszing maltose= 2glucose= twice as much gas produced

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18
Q

Why is yeast using in baking

A

releases CO2 which is makes our bread rise and gives it nice texture

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19
Q

Why are the fermentation rate for glucose and sucrose higher than maltose and lactose

A

this yeast strain was raised in glucose/sucrose environment which means it has the enzymes to break it down (primary energy source). Lactose has a low fermentation rate since glucose can’t be digested (beta linkages cant be hydrolyzed) as yeast doesn’t have the enzymes for it. The maltose was lower since the yeast did not have time to synthesize the enzymes and fully breakdown maltose.

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20
Q

What is the function of the cuticle

A

waxy layer that prevents water loss and protects epidermis (extra layer)

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21
Q

what is the function of the epidermis

A

lower and upper protective layer in the leaf and prevents water loss

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22
Q

what is the function of the pallisade mesophyll

A

cylindrical cells near the upper epidermis, main function is to perform photosynthesis

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23
Q

what is the function of spongy mesophyll

A

irregular shaped cells under pallisade layer and has many intracellular spaces filled with space thats involved in the gas exchange along stomata

24
Q

Whats the function of xylem and phloem

A

2 types of vascular tissue
Xylem (red): upper portion, thick cell walled cells, transports water1nutrients up the root system

Phloem (green): lower portion, thin cell walled, transports carbon/nitrogen

25
Q

Whats the function of the vascular tissue

A

“veins” that transport nutrients through roots system and leaves

26
Q

Whats the function of the stomata and guard cells

A

stomata involved in gas exchange (O2 out/CO2 in)located on lower epidermis
Made of guard cells and pores, Guard cells control the opening of the stoma

27
Q

whats the function of the mesophyll

A

functional tissue that lies in between the upper/lower epidermis and has higher concentration of chloroplast= main area of photosynthesis

28
Q

Explain how the stomata of hydrophytes have evolved to survive in water abundant environment

A

the stomata in upper epidermis layer instead to prevent excessive water and allow for better gas exchange

29
Q

Explain how the cuticle of hydrophytes have evolved to survive in water abundant environment

A

they have no cuticle and a very thin epidermal layer, since aquatic enviroment disables them from retaining water (would have too much)

30
Q

Explain how the spongy mesophyll of hydrophytes have evolved to survive in water abundant environment

A

they have large pockets to trap air in the leaf which allows the leaf to float and facilitates gas exchange

31
Q

Explain how the stomata of xerophytes have evolved to survive in scarce water environment (dry)

A

their stomata is found at the base of stomatal crypts, this helps reduce transpiration to minimize water loss

32
Q

define stomatal crypts

A

air pockets with trichomes

33
Q

Explain how the cuticle of xerophytes have evolved to survive in scarce water environment (dry)

A

very thick layer to prevent water loss (retains moisture and prevent water evaporation)

34
Q

Explain how the epidermis of xerophytes have evolved to survive in scarce water environment (dry)

A

it has multiple layer to prevent water loss

35
Q

When are guard cell turgid

A

when the osmolarity of the guard cell is higher than the effective osmolarity of the extracellular fluid

36
Q

True of false
the stoma is open when the guard cells are flaccid

A

False, the cells assume a half circle so it closes the stomata

37
Q

What is the difference between light absorption and reflection

A

absorption is when particles absorb certain wavelength and reflection is the wavelength that is not absorbed (ex: green means the green wavelength is reflected)

38
Q

How does the light power photosynthesis

A

Light gets absorbed by the chlorophyll pigments which excites an electron and the energy released by said electron is transferred via vibration to the pigments until the reaction center is reached. The energy from photosynthesis powers the ETC which starts the light reactions.

39
Q

Explain paper chromatography

A

A mixture (adsorbent) is loaded on sheet where the solute is saturated on a line, the adsorbent is then placed in a chamber with a specific solvent (eluent). The eluent then travels up the adsorbent via capillary action and pull the non polar components with him

40
Q

What is the stationnary phase

A

the plate (adsorbent)

41
Q

Whats the mobile phase

A

the solvent

42
Q

What eluent is used in lab 6

A

petroleum ether with acetone (non polar organic compound)
the ether dissovles the chlorphyll into its different pigments.

43
Q

what is the most polar pigment

A

chlorophyll B

44
Q

What is the least polar pigment

A

carotein

45
Q

True or False
The most polar pigment will move and reach the solvent front

A

Depends on the nature of the adsorbent/eluent
IF eluent is less polar, the non polar compounds will move the most (stay in mobile phase)

46
Q

Whats a transgenic organism

A

organism where a foreign gene was added and has altered a phenotype. This gene will be passed down to its offspring.

47
Q

What transgenic organism was created in the lab

A

bacteria with new gene= green fluorescence in UV

48
Q

what is horinzontal gene transfer and in what kind of cell does it occur

A

transfer of DNA from one cell to another in a population; adds to genetic variatiability and evolution of bacteria

49
Q

how does the horinzontal gene transfer differ from vertical gene transfer

A

HGT: DNA is shared between individuals in population
VGT: dna is transferred from parent to offspring

50
Q

How does HGT relate the bacteria transformation

A

Transformation is one of the mechanism of horinzontal gene transfer

51
Q

Explain bacteria transformation

A

bacteria can take up external fragments of DNA in their environment and incorporate in genone

52
Q

what are baterial plasmid and whats their purpose

A

extrachromosomal DNA (circular DNA) that possesses extra but not genes with beneficial trait
They allow bacteria to adapt and survive in new environment.

53
Q

Define the function of the following genes:
araC, GFP, bla

A

GFP: from jellyfish, makes proteins glow under UV
araC: regulatory protein that activates the transcription/translation of GFP, in presence of arabinose
bla: gives antibiotic resistance (ampicillin)

54
Q

What phenotype does the bla gene give to bacteria

A

resistance to ampicillin

55
Q

is the bla gene regulated or constitutively expressed

A

regulated (has regulatory sequence and marker gene)

56
Q

Whats the difference between bacterial lawn and colony

A

lawn: continuous layer of bacteria
colony: circular mass of identical cells=mother cell

57
Q
A

Biology 2 (4 decks)

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