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Biology 2 > Lab test 1 > Flashcards

Lab test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

define homeostatis

A

maintaining relatively constant internal conditions/ continous balance in our bodies

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2
Q

how do the nervous and endocrine system regulate homeostasis

A

nervous system sends messages between neurons to signal any stimulus in the body

endocrine system releases hormones to regulate the activity of cells

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3
Q

What is the difference between a positive and negative feedback

A

negative: response diminishes the original stimulus to bring you back to homeostatic range (insulin/glucagon)

positive: enhances the stimulus= brings you away from homeostatic range (contractions during birth)

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4
Q

What are the components of negative feeback mechanism

A

1-receptor
2-control center
3-effector

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5
Q

What is the purpose of a receptor

A

detects the stimulus (fluctuation above/below range)

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6
Q

What is the purpose of a control center

A

determines the appropriate response to stimulus

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7
Q

What is the purpose of an effector

A

carries out response determined by the control center

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8
Q

What kind of pathway does the receptor use to communicate with the control center

A

afferent pathway

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9
Q

What kind of pathway does the the control center use to communicate with the effector

A

efferent pathway

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10
Q

What organs are involved in the elimination of waste products

A

urinary system= kidneys
respiratory system= lungs
digestive system= large intestine

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11
Q

what is the relationship between glucose and atp (pathway)

A

cellular respiration

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12
Q

What is insulin

A

hormone secreted by pancreas that decrease the glucose concentration in blood

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13
Q

what is glucagon

A

hormone secreted by pancreas that increases the concentration of glucose in the blood

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14
Q

what is ADH

A

hormone secreted by pituary glands that increase the abosrption of water in the blood to reduce the concentration of sodium = lower blood pressure

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15
Q

What organs and organ system are involved in blood glucose homeostasis

A

liver, pancreas, muscle/adipose tissue
endocrine system

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16
Q

How many negative feedback mechanisms are utilized to maintain blood glucose homeostasis

A

2

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17
Q

what are the 2 antagonistic hormones

A

insulin and glucagon

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18
Q

Aside from removing waste what is the other function of the urinary system

A

regulate body fluid levels

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19
Q

How do the constituents found in urine reflect what your body is doing to maintain homeostasis?

A

If urine is concentrated in ions it means that its low in water=dehydrated individual
ADH increased the water intake of blood which causes urine to be less diluted=more intense color and increased specific gravity
maintains homeostasis of body fluids and blood pressure

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20
Q

What does specific gravity of urine measure?

A

ratio of liquid to same volume of distilled water

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21
Q

What can you infer from a relatively high or low specific gravity of a patient’s urine?

A

high= individual is dehydrated
low= too much water intake

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22
Q

How does the respiratory system regulate blood pH?

A

increase in CO2 concentration= acidosis= breathing pattern is increased to expel excess CO2

decrease in CO2 concentration= alkalosis= breathing pattern is slowed down to let carbon dioxide accumulate in the blood

23
Q

what every urinometer reading is always compared to. What is this fluid and it’s specific gravity?

A

compared to 1.002-1.003

24
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

endocrine disorder that affects blood glucose concentration

25
Q

what is the difference between Type 1 and 2 diabetes.

A

type 1= insufficient production of insulin (genetic)
type 2= decreased response to insulin in cells of certain tissue

26
Q

what are the symptoms of an untreated diabetic.

A

hunger, fatigue, dehydration

27
Q

What type of output from the body help diagnose diabetes mellitus?

A

plasma from the blood and urine

28
Q

What is the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)?

A

test for diabetes
analyzes the blood plasma to determine the capacity of an individual to clear glucose in their blood
results will signal if individual has either a delay in insuin excretion or delay in glucose absorption

29
Q

What is the general procedure of the OGTT for a patient?

A

patient fasts for 8-14hrs prior
first blood sample is drawn at hour 0 (serves as a baseline)
patient drinks glucose solution
after 2 hours blood drawn (sample reveals glucose tolerance of patient)
plasma of both sample is isolated and compared

30
Q

For the OGTT, what is the concentration of glucose (mM) for a patient with normal tolerance? With diabetes?

A

normal: concentration below 7.8 mM
pre-diabetic: between 7.8-11.1 mM
diabeti: above 11.1 mM

31
Q

What is glycosuria?

A

when diabetics have glucose present in their urine

32
Q

What urine constituents are abnormal in a patient with untreated diabetes type 1?

A

glucose

33
Q

What are the two reactions in the Hexokinase Reagent Method?

A

rxn 1: phosphorylation of glucose by hexokinase
rxn 2: glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized by G6P-DH in presence of NAD+ which makes NADH

34
Q

Why is the hexokinase reagent method appropriate in evaluating glucose in blood sample

A

the 2 rxns produce a glucose specific signal that is proportional to the amount of glucose in the sample

35
Q

What is the Benedict’s reagent method? How does a positive or negative result look and what do these results infer

A

tests for the presence of reduction sugars
reduction sugars will react with the solution and form precipitate that will change the color of the solution.
the more positive=high concentration of sugars
negative=low concentration

36
Q

How does the Benedicts reagent differ from the Hexokinase Reagent Method?

A

Hexokinase= quantitative
Benedicts=qualitative

37
Q

Why was galactose used in the lab?

A

to test the specifity of the method since galactose is a stereoisomer of glucose and will produce background noise

38
Q

Define diffusion

A

spontaneous process caused by concentratient gradient which causes net mouvement of a solution from are of high concentration to low concentration

39
Q

Define osmosis

A

diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane
fueld by osmotic gradient
spontaneous rxn
moves from low to high concentration

40
Q

Define concentration gradient

A

different concentrations on each sides of membrane

41
Q

Define dynamic equilibrium.

A

when rate of frwd rxn is the same as rate of reverse rxn

42
Q

what is the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

A

simple diffusion occurs for non polar substances that can easily diffuse through plasma membrane

faciliated diffusion is when polar bodies use transport proteins to exit and enter the cell since the hydrophobic are of bilayer disables them from doing so

43
Q

What is the effect of adding salts of osmolarity

A
44
Q

define terms isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic when comparing
solutions separated by a membrane. What effect might these solutions have on cell shape?

A

isotonic= not net mouvemet of water and cell remains as is

hypotonic= net gain of water, cell is lysed

hypertonic= net loss of water, cell is shriveled

45
Q

how does size and polarity of penetrating solutes can affect the speed at which they alter
tonicity and consequently cell shape.

A

increasing size and polarity will slow down the rate

46
Q

what is the function of enzymes

A

proteins that catalyze chemical rxn

47
Q

How are enzymes affected by changes in pH and temperature?

A

change in pH and temperature will cause the tertiary structure of protein to unravel= will not function anymore

48
Q

what is the function of catalase enzyme and where it is found

A

catalase breakdowns the H2O2 formed in cells into harmless products
found in liver

49
Q

what reaction does catalase catalyze? What is the substrate? The products?

A

oxidoreductase rxn
substrate: h2o2
products: H2 and O2

50
Q

what is the purpose of doing control runs

A

to make sure the enzyme is functionning properly

51
Q

What is the difference between accuracy and precision

A

accuracy : how close the measurements made are to the actual value

precision: how close repeated measurements are to each other

52
Q

True or false
accuracy tells you about systematic error/bias

A

true

53
Q

True or false
precision tells you about systematic error/bias

A

false, tells you about random/technical error

Biology 2 (4 decks)

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