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Biology 1 > Lab Terminology > Flashcards

Lab Terminology Flashcards

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1
Q

Dissecting microscope

A

For viewing objects that can be seen with the unaided eye in more detail. Shows 3-dimensional view of objects but not as powerful as compound light microscope.

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2
Q

Compound light microscope

A

For viewing cells and some cell organelles. Tissue layers may be visible but depth of focus decreases with increasing magnification.

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3
Q

Electron microscope

A

For viewing viruses and macromolecules. Uses beam of electrons instead of light.

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4
Q

Resolving power

A

The ability of a lens to clearly separate fine detail, to distinguish two close points as separate; related to the wavelength of light and the numerical aperture of the objective.

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5
Q

Magnification

A

The enlargement of an object’s image through a lens.

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6
Q

Contrast

A

Differential absorption of light by parts of a specimen.

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7
Q

Scanning objective lens

A

(magnifies images by 4 times)

5000 micrometers

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8
Q

Low-power objective lens

A

(magnifies images by 10 times)

2000 micrometers

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9
Q

High-power objective lens

A

(magnifies images by 40 times)

500 micrometers

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10
Q

Oil immersion lens

A

(magnifies images by 100 times)

200 micrometers

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11
Q

Chromophore

A

Colored part of the stain

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12
Q

Stains

A

Dyes composed of salts that contain a positive ion and a negative ion.

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13
Q

Acidic dye

A

Chromophore (stain color) is the negative ion

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14
Q

Basic dye

A

Chromophore (stain color) is the positive ion

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15
Q

Positive stain

A

A stain that colors the cells but not the background

Useful for viewing major cell parts of eukaryotic cells such as the plasma membrane and nucleus

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16
Q

Negative stain

A

A stain that colors the background but not the cells.

Useful for determining the shape and arrangement of bacteria cells and to view the outline of colorless cells against a colored background

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17
Q

Iodine

A

Iodine potassium iodide

The iodine-KI forms a complex with starch molecules in cells causing the iodine to change color from yellow to dark blue.

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18
Q

Oscillatoria

A

Oscillatoria belongs to a group of prokaryotes called cyanobacteria (“blue-green algae”)

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19
Q

Trichomes

A

Stacks of individual cyanobacteria (oscillatoria) that are disc-shaped.

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20
Q

Amoeba

A

A unicellular eukaryote and a protists. They move by extending their cytoplasm to form pseudopodia

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21
Q

Formation of Pseudopodia

A

Involve a change in cytoplasm consistency from sol to gel.

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22
Q

Mechanical stage control knobs

A

Moves the specimen into the center of the field of view.

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23
Q

Field of view (FOV)

A

Circle of light that you see when looking through the ocular lenses.

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24
Q

Revolving nosepiece

A

Changes objective lens

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25
Q

Parfocal

A

When one lens is focused, all of the objective lenses are focused (with fine adjustments).

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26
Q

Fine focus knob

A

Bring the specimen into focus with the low-power objective lens

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27
Q

Working distance

A

Distance between objective lens and slide.

Scanning objective lens gives the greatest working distance.

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28
Q

Coarse focus knob

A

Brings the stage/slide as close as possible to the scanning objective lens.

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29
Q

Interpupillary distance

A

Distance between the pupils of YOUR eyes

30
Q

Hypothesis

A

Hypotheses are general (universal) statements that cannot be tested directly based on facts or experience.

31
Q

Prediction

A

Specific statement that can be made based on a universal hypothesis

32
Q

Principle of falsifiability

A

It is impossible to prove a hypothesis to be true.

33
Q

Independent variable

A

Variable being manipulated or changed by the scientists who are conducting the experiment.

34
Q

Dependent variable

A

Variable being measured in response to the independent variable (it DEPENDS on the independent variable).

35
Q

Controlled variables

A

Variables that are held constant throughout the experiment, so they don’t interfere with the independent variable.

Controlled variables are not the same thing as a control group.

36
Q

Polypeptide

A

A polymer that contains many amino acids linked together

37
Q

Peptides

A

Shorter polypeptides (fewer than 50 amino acids

38
Q

Polypeptide chain

A

A primary structure that contains several hundred amino acids

39
Q

Albumin

A

Protein found in blood plasma, where it helps maintain osmotic concentration of blood; and insulin is a regulatory protein (hormone) that controls blood glucose levels.

40
Q

Enzymes

A

Organic catalysts that speed up metabolic reactions

41
Q

Pepsin

A

Digestive enzyme active in the acidic conditions of the stomach where it helps break down proteins contained in food.

42
Q

Positive test

A

Color change is observed indicated particular molecule is present.

43
Q

Negative test

A

Color change is not observed indicating particular molecule not present.

44
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Water reacts to break those chemical bonds and separate large organic molecules (polymers) into smaller molecules (monomers

45
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

When smaller molecules (monomers) form chemical bonds as water is produced.

46
Q

Biuret reagent

A

Acts as an indicator by changing color in the presence of proteins or peptides when the amino group in a polymer chemically combines with the copper ions in biuret reagent:

Changes color from blue to violet in the presence of proteins

Changes color from blue to light violet/pink in the presence of peptides

47
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Only one sugar unit

ex: Glucose

48
Q

Disaccharide

A

Composed to two sugar molecules.

ex: Maltose (two glucose)

49
Q

Reducing sugars

A

Sugars with free carbonyl groups, in either a closed ring, open ring or linear form.

Can donate electrons to other molecules

50
Q

Benedict’s reagent

A

Indicate the presence of reducing sugars:

Brick red indicates a very high concentration of reducing sugars

Orange indicates a high concentration of reducing sugars

Yellow indicates a moderate concentration of reducing sugars

Green indicates a low concentration of reducing sugars

51
Q

Lugol’s reagent

A

In the presence of starch, Lugol’s iodine turns from its normal color of dark yellow to a bluish-black color.

52
Q

Triglyceride

A

Composed of three fatty acids and a glyceride molecule.

53
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A
  • No nuclei or membranous organelles
  • Enclosed by a plasma membrane (regulates passage of molecules in and out of cytoplasm)
54
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A
  • Nucleus, bound by nuclear envelope
  • Contains nucleoplasm
  • Contains cytoplasm in cell
  • Cytoplasm fluid called cytosol
55
Q

Diffusion

A

Molecules will flow from an area where they are at a high concentration to an area where they are at a lower concentration if “permitted” (most often by size and polarity) to pass through the membrane.

56
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane

57
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

Flow of cytoplasm within a cell. The flow occurs along actin filaments and carries nutrients and smaller organelles in the direction of flow.

58
Q

Passive

A

Does not require energy

ex: Diffusion

59
Q

Tonicity

A

Compare two solutions of unequal solute concentration

60
Q

Isotonic

A

Solution is equal / the same as the solute (particle) concentration as the cell

61
Q

Hypertonic

A

Solution has a higher solute concentration than inside the cell

62
Q

Hypotonic

A

Solution has a lower solution concentration than inside the cell.

63
Q

Turgid

A

Swollen and hard due to turgor pressure.

64
Q

Flaccid

A

Lacking turgidity, floppy and loose.

Cells pulled away from cell wall.

65
Q

Hemolyzed

A

Cell swells and rupture of cell membrane (cell death)

66
Q

Crenated

A

Cells shrink and their forms become altered into a disc shape, or scalloped edge in a hypertonic solution.

Animal cells are exposed to a hypertonic solution, where solution in which the cells are bathed has a high concentration of solutes

67
Q

Plasmolyzed

A

Cells lose water in hypotonic solution.

Water flows out of the cells and into the surrounding fluid due to osmosis causing a process of contraction or shrinkage of the protoplasm of a plant cell and is caused due to the loss of water in the cell.

68
Q

Turgor pressure

A

Force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall

69
Q

Iris diaphragm

A

Allows you to adjust the amount of light passing through the condenser

70
Q

Light condenser

A

A glass lens or lens system located within or below the stage (sub-stage) on compound microscopes that focuses the light on the specimen, adjusts the amount of light on the specimen, and shapes the cone of light entering the objective.

Biology 1 (6 decks)

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