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Geology 101 > Lab Rock Test > Flashcards

Lab Rock Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Detrital Texture

A

Means sedimentary rock
Rock and mineral pieces (detritus) cemented by calcite, quartz or hematite.
“Weather-worn” appearance
Less sparkly than igneous and metamorphic rocks e.g. micas will sparkle

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2
Q

Interlocking Texture

A

Means Igneous Rocks

An igneous interlocking texture is polyminerallic.

Minerals have grown together like a jigsaw puzzle.
The cleavage planes of minerals reflect the light to make these rocks sparkly

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3
Q

Foliated Texture

A

Means metamorphic rock
Foliation means minerals have grown parallel to each other like layers.
Foliated textures are polyminerallic.
The cleavage planes of the minerals reflect the light making these rocks sparkle.

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4
Q

Three ways in which sedimentary rocks are formed:

A

Detrital
Chemical
Bioclastic

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5
Q

Detrital Sedimentary Rocks

A

Detrital rocks are derived from the land
Pieces of detritus mechanically or chemically weather from larger pieces
These pieces are transported by wind, water, ice or gravity.
The detritus is deposited and reworked in some sedimentary environment.
Burial and lithification of the sediments created a detrital sedimentary rock.

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6
Q

Well-Sorted Sedimentary Rocks

A

Grains are all the same size

Indicates a reworking of the materials and/or they have traveled from the source

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7
Q

Poorly Sorted Sedimentary Rocks

A

A range of grain sizes are in the rock

Means that the material is close to the source

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8
Q

Fine-Grained Sedimentary Rocks

A

Smooth to touch

Cannot see individual grains

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9
Q

Coarse Grained Sedimentary Rocks

A

Gritty to the touch

Can see the grains

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10
Q

Conglomerate

A 
Sedimentary
Detrital
Poorly Sorted
Coarse Grained with round gravel
Made of quartz and rock clasts
Alluvial Fans, mt. rivers, rocky beaches,
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11
Q

Breccia

A 
Sedimentary
Detrital
Poorly sorted
Coarse grained with angular gravel
Can be made of rock, mineral clasts, and chert
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12
Q

Sandstone

A

Sedimentary
Detrital
Well or poorly sorted
Coarse grained
Can be made with quartz, hematite, and feldspar
Can be layered
Alluvial fans, Mt. rivers, sandy beaches, desert, deltas

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13
Q

Shale

A 
Sedimentary
Detrital 
Well-sorted 
Fine-grained
Made of quartz and clay minerals
Deltas, wet lake
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14
Q

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

A

A chemical sedimentary rock is derived from water on or near the land (think shallow marine or lakes on land)
Detritus has chemically weathered down to ions in water solution.
Chemical sedimentary rocks form in two ways:
1. evaporites
2. precipitates

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15
Q

Chert

A

Sedimentary
Chemical
Precipitate
Made of quartz

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16
Q

Micritic Limestone

A 
Sedimentary
Chemical / Bioclastic
Precipitate
Made of Calcite
Very smooth looking
Shallow, warm marine waters
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17
Q

Oolitic Limestone

A 
Sedimentary
Chemical
Precipitate
Made of calcite
Bauble looking
Shallow, warm marine waters
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18
Q

Travertine (Limestone)

A 
Sedimentary
Chemical
Precipitate
Precipitation of calcite rich groundwater 
Look like stalagmites
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19
Q

Rock Gypsum

A

Sedimentary
Chemical
Evaporite
Wet/dry lake beds

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20
Q

Rock Salt

A

Sedimentary
Chemical
Evaporite
Wet/dry lake bed

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21
Q

Bioclastic Sedimentary Rocks

A

These are like detrital rocks but they have a “living” past.
Bioclastic rocks are derived from plant material or exoskeletons of marine organisms (limestones).
Detritus of plants or broken up shells are deposited in a water environment and later (with burial) are lithified to form a bioclastic rock.
Limestones are classified based on size of bioclasts.

22
Q

Fossiliferous Limestone

A

Sedimentary
Bioclastic
Contains whole or large shells made of calcite
A reef or sandbar

23
Q

Coquina

A

Sedimentary
Bioclastic
Limestone with coarse shell fragments made of calcite
A reef or sandbar

24
Q

Chalk

A 
Sedimentary
Bioclastic
Fine-grained limestone (finely broken shell parts)
Made of calcite
A reef or sandbar
25
Q

Contact metamorphism

A

High temp.
Low pressure zones
Can occur along a subducting plate boundary where igneous intrusions occur

26
Q

Magma

A

Molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface

Contains molten rock, steam and other gases, suspended crystals already formed, caved-in pieces of the chamber walls

27
Q

Lava

A

Molten rock on the Earth’s surface

28
Q

Temperature of magma properties

A

Hot lavas are less viscous- increased T and decreased V

Cool lavas are more viscous- decrease T and increase V

29
Q

Magma properties: Si/FeMg content

A

High silica content (more felsic) makes viscous lavas- high Si high V or low FeMg high V
Low silica content (more mafic) means less viscous lavas- low Si low V or High FeMg Low V

30
Q

Igneous Processes

A

Igneous rock forms in 3 basic ways:
Extrusively
Intrusively
Pyroclasts

31
Q

Extrusive

A

rapid cooling and crystallization of lava; sometimes rock is quenched; a “volcanic” rock.
Form from lava flows

32
Q

Intrusive

A

slow cooling and crystallization of magma; stays warm for a long time; a “plutonic” rock.
Form as sills, dikes, stocks, volcanic necks from a larger pluton or batholith from depth

33
Q

Pyroclasts

A

Ejected fragments during eruption; ash to block in size.

Ash falls and large blocks blasted from the volcano

34
Q

Granite Pegmatite

A 
Igneous
Interlocking
Pegmatitic
Felsic (Quartz, K-spar)
Intrusive
High viscosity
Low Temp
Light color
35
Q

Granite

A 
Igneous
Interlocking
Phaneritic
Felsic (Quartz, K-spar)
Intrusive
High viscosity
Low Temp
Light color
36
Q

Rhyolite

A 
Igneous
Interlocking
Aphanitic
Felsic (Quartz, K-spar)
Extrusive
High viscosity
Low Temp
Light color
37
Q

Obsidian

A

Igneous
Glassy
Quartz
Extrusive

38
Q

Pumice

A 
Igneous
Felsic/intermediate
made of glass
vesicular
Extrusive
39
Q

Scoria

A 
Igneous
Mafic
Made of vesicular basalt
vesicular
Extrusive
40
Q

Diorite-Pegmatite

A 
Igneous
Interlocking
Pegmatitic
Intermediate (Quartz, plag-spar)
Intrusive
High viscosity
intermediate Temp
gray color
41
Q

Diorite

A 
Igneous
Interlocking
Phaneritic
Intermediate (Quartz, plag-spar)
Intrusive
High viscosity
intermediate Temp
gray color
42
Q

Andesite

A 
Igneous
Interlocking
Aphanitic
Intermediate (Quartz, plag-spar)
Extrusive
High viscosity
intermediate Temp
gray color
43
Q

Gabbro- Pegmatite

A 
Igneous
Interlocking
Pegmatitic
Mafic (Plag-spar)
Intrusive
low viscosity
high Temp
dark color
44
Q

Gabbro

A 
Igneous
Interlocking
Phaneritic
Mafic (Plag-spar)
Intrusive
low viscosity
high Temp
dark color
45
Q

Basalt

A 
Igneous
Interlocking
Aphanitic
Mafic (Plag-spar)
Extrusive
low viscosity
high Temp
dark color
46
Q

Regional Metamorphism

A

Occurs along convergent plate boundaries where their is greatest pressure and temperature
Occurs along a subducting plate.. mt. building

47
Q

Slate

A 
Foliated texture
Polyminerallic
Fine grained 
Lowest Metamorphic Grade
Quartz and mica
Protolith= shale
48
Q

Phyllite

A 
Foliated texture
Polyminerallic
Fine grained 
Low-Medium Grade
Quartz and mica 
Protolith= shale
49
Q

Schist

A 
Foliated texture
Polyminerallic
Coarse-grained
Medium-High grade metamorphism
Quartz, muscovite mica, and garnet
50
Q

Gneiss

A 
Foliated texture 
Polyminerallic
Coarse-grained
High metamorphic
Comes from diorite and granite

Geology 101 (4 decks)

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