Lab Quizzes Flashcards
During the Prediction and Prescription lab exercises, how do we determine if a subject has reached “steady state” in submaximal heart rate?
HR does not change 6 bpm for 2 consectutive minutes
based on the ACSM Position Stand, which of the following would be expected to result in health benefits?
a) Meeting ACSM’s exercise guidelines for physical activity
b) Reducing time spent in sedentary pursuits
c) Breaking up prolonged periods of sedentary behavior
d) All of the above
e) A and B
d) All of the above
T or F: Predicting one’s VO2max can be valuable for making exercise prescriptions
True
When estimating VO2max using the extrapolation/graphing method it is advised to plot two heart rates that fall between what values?
120 bpm and 85% HRmax
How long will students step during the Queens College step test?
in minutes
3 minutes
Which method(s) did we use to predict VO2max in the prediction and prescription lab
a) Non exercise VO2 max prediction
b) Submax heart rate extrapolation
c) Indirect calorimetry
d) All of the above
e) Both A and B
e) Both A and B
Calculate the heart rate reserve (HRR) for an individual with a HR max of 200 bpm and a resting HR of 80 bpm
HRR = HRmax - HRrest
= 200-80
= 120
T or F: Body mass index (BMI) is an adequate measurement of disease risk for individuals across any fitness level
False
not adequate for some individuals (e.g. weight-training individuals) since there is no way to determine the composition of the weight
In conjunction with BMI, ______________ is used to assess health risk and is valuable in assessing central obesity
waist circumference
The interrelationship among energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density is referred to as the __________
athlete triad
How many skinfold sites were assessed in the body composition lab
7 sites
List 2 potential sources of error involved in the skinfold method of assessment of body composition
Major limitations of the skinfold analysis include technician training, applicability of equations to the individual being tested, skinfold site measurement accuracy, and measurement technique
Subject A has a body mass of 50 kg and a body fat percentage of 10%. What is their lean body mass in kg
Fat mass = (50 kg)(.10) = 5 kg
Lean mass = 50 kg - 5 kg = 45 kg
The _________ corresponds to how many standard deviations away your BMD is compared to the men for a healthy adult of the same sex
T-score
The _________ corresponds to how many standard deviations away your BMD value is compared to the mean for your age, sex, ethnicity
Z-score
Mean arterial pressure represents the ________ pressure in the arteries during a cardiac cycle
average
T or F: High blood pressure always results in acute symptoms
False
Aerobic training decreases blood pressure in what two conditions
Rest and Submaximal exercise at the same absolute intensity
What would a resting blood pressure of 116/79 be classified as?
a) Normotensive
b) Prehypertensive
c) Stage 1 hypertensive
d) Stage 2 hypertensive
a) Normotensive
During a GXT, the _______ is used to indicate the heart’s ability to function normally under increased myocardial oxygen demand
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
During the GXT lab procedure, what are the two positions in which we will be taking resting blood pressure
Seated and standing
You record the following data at rest: systolic BP = 100, diastolic BP = 70. What is the pulse pressure
PP = SBP - DBP
= 100-70 = 30
How does systolic blood pressure change with increased exercise intensity?
Increases
Normal core body temp is around what temperature (C)
37 degrees C
List two mechanisms of heat transfer
convection, radiation, evaporation, and conduction
T or F: the body always loses heat through all four mechanisms of heat transfer
False: if the environment is cooler than the body, heat will be lost via radiation, conduction, and convection. But as environmental temp increases, heat loss via those mechanisms decreases and evaporative heat loss increases
Body mass loss during exercise can occur from which of the following mechanisms
a) Sweat loss
b) Metabolic mass loss
c) Respiratory water loss
d) Urinary water loss
e) All of the above
e) All of the above
Using the information below, calculate the amount of energy lost to heat (kcal).
Total kcal produced: 100 kcals
Cycling efficiency: 20%
80% lost as heat = 80 kcal
Some athletes prepare for competitions in hot weather by deliberately choosing to have some of their training outside during the hottest part of the day. What is this type of adaptation called?
Acclimatization
Exercise plus heat stress may reduce plasma volume more than exercise alone. Why?
Heat stress causes an increase in sweat rate
How many minutes will students exercise during the thermoregulatory lab
up to 40 minutes
Approximately what altitude were we stimulating in the altitude lab
Pikes peak (4300 m, 14,110 ft) above sea level
Altitude in Boulder
~1630 m
List the two conditions under which hypoxia will be administered during the altitude lab procedure.
Rest & submax exercise (50 W & 100 W)
When determining the inspiratory partial pressure of oxygen (PIO2), which parameter(s) are dependent on altitude
barometric pressure (Pb)
Which statement best explains the shape advantages of the hemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve at sea level
a) Near the top of the curve, large changes in SaO2 have minimal effects on PIO2
b) Near the top of the curve, large changes in PaO2 have large effects on SaO2
c) Near the top of the curve, small changes in PaO2 have minimal effects on SaO2
d) Near the top of the curve, small changes in PaO2 have large effects on CaO2
c) Near the top of the curve, small changes in PaO2 have minimal effects on SaO2
T or F: The amount of oxygen dissolved in the plasma is extremely small compared to the amount bound to hemoglobin
True
Which of the following variables would not be affected from sea level to acute high altitude exposure?
a) ventilation (L/min) at an absolute submaximal workload
b) maximum heart rate @ VO2max
c) heart rate @ an absolute submaximal workload
d) relative aerobic power (%VO2max) at an absolute submaximal workload
b) maximum heart rate @ VO2max
T or F: the percentage of oxygen in Boulder is less than at sea level
False: 20.93% everywhere
Which of the following parameters does not contribute directly to arterial oxygen content?
a) hemoglobin concentration
b) cardiac output
c) arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation
d) dissolved oxygen
b) cardiac output
Which of the following populations would be expected to have a larger percent decrease in VO2 max at 20,000 ft?
a) untrained college students
b) elite endurance athletes
b) elite endurance athletes
Reasons why measurment of VO2max could be contraindicated or impractical
- Requires expensive equipment
- Requires trained staff
- Requires motivated subjects
- Time constraints
- Large groups
- Requires physician supervison/medical considerations
4 potential sources of error for anthropometric and skinfold measurments
Anthropometric (BMI & waist circumference)
* both subcutanous & visceral fat in abdomen
* Can’t determine composition of weight with BMI
* Measuring tape tautness
* Location of measurment (WHO)
Skinfolds
* amount of technician training
* applicability of equations to individual being testing
* measurment technique
* skin fold site accuracy
6 BMI classes
Underweight < 18.5
Normal 18.5-24.9
Overweight 25-29.9
Obese (class I) 30-34.9
Obese (class II) 35-39.9
Extreme obesity (class III) 40+
What waist circumerference (men and women) divides them into two separate collumn for disease risk
Greater or less than 102 cm for men
Greater or less than 88 cm for women
WHO bone density stores
normal: within 1 SD (+1 or -1) of the young adult mean
Low bone mass: between 1 and 2.5 SD below the young adult mean (-1 to -2.5 SD)
Osteoporosis: 2.5 SD or more below the young adult mean (-2.5 SD or lower)
Severe (established osteoporosis): more than 2.5 SD below the young adult mean and one or more osteoporotic fractures
What score do we primarily use to diagnose osteoporosis
T-score which compare an individual to other youngh healthy adults of the same sex
Elevated BP
120-129 and less than 80
High BP (hypertension) stage 1
130-139 or 80-89
High BP (hypertension) stage 2
140 or higher or 90 or higher
Hypertensive crisis (consult doctor)
higher than 180 (SP) and/or higher than 120 (DP)
5 abnormal/poor prognosis of GXT
- acheive < 80% predicted HRR
- slow increased or sudden decrease in SBP
- SBP > 250 mmHg or increase more than 140 mmHg from rest
- DBP increase more than 10 mmHg
- Dysrhythmias, ST segment depression/elevation
5 normal/good pronosis for GXT
- Achieve > 80% predicted HRR
- SBP increase 5-10 mmHg per MET
- HR recovery: decrease 12 bpm in 1 minute
- 3 minute post-exercise SBP = <90% max SBP
- Normal cardiac rhythms
Effect on SBP (increase/decrease & how much)
1. Cuff too small
2. Cuff over clothing
3. Not resting 3-5 min
4. Legs crossed
5. Back/feet unsupported
6. Patient taking
- Cuff too small: increase 10-40
- Cuff over clothing: increase or decrease 10-40
- Not resting 3-5 min: increase 10-20
- Legs crossed: increase 5-8
- Back/feet unsupported: increase 5-15
- Patient talking: increase 10-15
Which activities will increase the blood pressure reading
cuff too small, cuff over clothing, back/feet not supported, legs crossed, not resting 3-5 min, patient talking, labored breathing, full bladder, pain, arm below heart level
which activities will decrease the blood pressure reading
cuff over clothing, arm below heart level
Cardiovascular responses to exercise (percent VO2max) on graphs
* blood pressure (SB, DP, mean)
* SV
* arteriovenous O2 diff
* Cardiac output
- blood pressure (SB, DP, mean): systolic and mean = linear increase; diastolic = constant
- SV: linear increase until 40% VO2max than platues to constant
- arteriovenous O2 diff: linear increase ~50% Vo2max then decrease in slope
- Cardiac output: linear increase to ~50% VO2max then decrease in slope
BP response to GX (explain graph) during exercise than into recovery
Waist circumference is particularly useful in individuals with a BMI of __ - ___
25-34.9
Waist circumerence values for women
Low risk:
Medium risk:
High risk:
Low risk: below 80 cm
Medium risk: 80 cm-88 cm
High risk: 88 cm+
Waist circumerence values for men
Low risk:
Medium risk:
High risk:
Low risk: below 94 cm
Medium risk: 94-102 cm
High risk: 102 cm+
Body fat % by age and sex
(young adult, middle age, elderly)
How much dehydration can impair performance
dehydration of 1-2% body weight
Mechanisms of heat transfer graph - 4 lines: energy output, heat production, evaporative heat loss, convective and radiative heat loss
as room temp increases: energy input and heat production remain constant, evaportative heat loss increases, covective and radiative heat loss decreases opositely
effect of hypoxic conditions on ventilatory (Tvent) and lactate (LT) thresholds
causes leftward shift in both thresholds - reached at a lower absolute workload during hypozic exercise
Describe how acute hypoxia and the decreeae in PIO2 and PaO2 affect adrenals and the other functions that adrenals initiates
what influences both SaO2 and amount of O2 dissolved in plasma
PaO2 (why blood doping doesnt affect these two - cuz it wouldnt effect PaO2)
