LAB QUIZ #3 Flashcards
Amphibians, Non-Avian Reptiles
When did tetrapods diverge?
during the Middle Devonian Period.
from Sarcopterygii ancestors.
What are the main morphological changes in the transition to Tetrapods?
- limbs (from fins)
- lungs/trachea (from swim bladder)
- interlocking vertebrae
- pelvic girdle fused to vertebral column
- ankle joint present
- urinary bladder (more common)
What are the defining characteristics of Amphibians?
- adults = carnivorous
- thin, permeable skin
- ectothermic
- eggs w/ jelly capsule (not shell)
- 3-chambered heart!
What is the taxonomy of Class Amphibia?
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Amphibia
- order Anura/Gymnophiona/Urodela/Caudata
- family
Order Urodela/Cuadata
salamanders & newts
- simple body plan
- do not have movement independent of limbs (move like fish)
Order Gymnophiona
Caecilians
- worm-like
- fossorial = borrow in ground
- different skull types
Order Anura
toads and frogs
- increase specialization of bones/muscles
- some leapers, have elongated hind limbs
all toads are frogs, but not all frogs are toads
Family Bufonidae
Order Anura
toads
- short, stubby body/hindlegs
- warty dry skin
- NO cutaneous respiration
- poision glands behind eyes
- lay eggs in line
Family Ranidae
Order Anura
frogs
- strong, long webbed hind feet
- mucus-covered smooth skin
- lay eggs in clusters
Nicitating Membrane
Order Anura
“third eyelid,” aids in protection and moisture retention.
Tympanic Membrane
Order Anura
“eardrum,” different sizes based on needing to hear different frequencies.
Manus
Order Anura
4 digits on front appendage.
Pes
Order Anura
5 digits on rear appendage.
What are different modes of reproduction in Amphibians?
external fertilization = amplexus, foam nests.
internal fertilization = sperm packets, phallodeum.
almost all MUST return to water to breed
What are some reasons for the decline in Amphibians?
habitat loss, chytrid fungus.
What are some Bullfrog sex characteristics?
females
- tympanum size = to eye
- ovaries, oviduct, ovisac
males
- tympanum size larger than eye
- testes and duct deferens
not applicable to all frog species!
What are some Anuran anatomical characteristics?
- single palate
- multiple fusion of bones in limb formation
- lungs
- bladder
- fat bodies (used for energy storage, NOT INSULATION!)
- 3 chambered hearts
What are the main characteristics of the Anuran heart?
3-chambered
- L and R atrium
- ventricle
What respiration surfaces do Anuran’s have?
- lungs
- skin
- mouth lining
When did Amniotes arise?
the Upper Carboniferous Period, major radiation in the Permian Period.
What are some amniote characteristics?
- amniotic egg
- internal fertilization
- NO metamorphosis
- skin/scales (to prevent dessication)
What are the 3 NEW extraembryonic membranes in the amniotic egg?
chorion = outer membrane, surrounds entire contents of egg, gass exchange and embryo protection.
amnion = inner membrane, surrounds embryo, additional embryo protection w/ amniotic fluid.
allantois = beneath chorion, stores nitrogenous waste from embryo and oxygen transport.
shell makes eggs less susceptible to dehydration.
Anapsid Skull
w/o temporal fenestra.
Synapsid Skull
1 temporal fenestra.
Diapsid Skull
2 temporal fenestra.
What is the Taxonomy of Class Reptilia?
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Reptilia
infraclass > superorder > order > suborder
Diapsidia
“two arches” = upper and lower temporal arches (and 2 temporal fenestrae)
- upper arch = postorbital and squasmosal
- lower arch = jugal and quadratojugal
arose in Upper Carboniferous Period
- containes Infraclass Lepidosauromorphs and Archosauromorphs (everything except order Testudines/Chelonii)
Order Testudines/Chelonii
turtles
- secondary anapsid skull
- temperature-dependent sex determination durYing embryonic development.
arose in Triassic Period
What is the anatomy of a turtle shell?
formed of dermal bone, fused to vertebral column
- carapace = upper shell
- plastron = lower shell
Describe the Chelonian Respiratory System:
- no costal ventilation, fusion of ribs to shell.
- lungs attatched to carapace.
- inhilation/exhalation requires muscular activity (cannot breath when retracted into the shell).
What are the 2 extand Suborders of Testudines/Chelonii?
Suborder Cryptodires
- retracts head into shel by bending neck into s shape.
- most turtles.
- ex. tortoises
Suborder Pleurodires
- retracts head by bendng neck horizontally.
- all semi-aquatic.
- ex. African pond turtle
Superorder Lepidosauria
- largest extant group of non-avian reptiles (order Rhynchocephalia & Squamata).
- predominantly terrestrial.
- skin covered w/ scales, relatively impermeable to water.
- outer layer of epidermis is shed.
Order Rhychocephalia
Superorder Lepidosauria
tuatara
- 1 species in New Zealand
- forage at night when it is cold
- lowest active body T on any extant reptile
- retains diapsid skiull
Order Squamata
Superorder Lepidosauria
- determinate growth
- quadrate of skull moves, kinetic jaw
- greatest variation in size in extant reptiles
Suborders Amphisbaenia, Lacertilia, Serpentes
Suborder Amphisbaenia
Superorder Lepidosauria, Order Squamata
worm lizards
- fossorial, blunt skulls
- most totally limbless (Bipes retained front limbs)
- body divided into annuli
- integumentary muscles allow forward/backward movement underground.
Suborder Lacertilia
Superorder Lepidosauria, Order Squamata
lizards
- first seen in early Triassic
- varied diets
- eyelid w/ nicatating membrane
- sternum present
- most small
Suborder Serpentes
Superorder Lepidosauria, Order Squamata
snakes
-descended from limbed squamates (all limbless)
- scales differentiated into shields/plates and shed all at once.
organs ofted elongated or reduced/lost on one side
- sternum absent
- some venomous
Aglyph
w/o fangs.
Opisthoglyph
(solid) fangs in rear of maxilla.
Proteroglyph
(hollow) fangs in fixed position at front of maxilla.
Solenoglyph
(hollow) fangs which rotate on maxilla.
flip in/out
Describe the circulatory system of reptiles:
- no more cutaneous repiration, but still send blood flow to skin.
- partial ventricular septum present.
