LAB QUIZ #1

Question 1

Levels of Classification:

Answer 1

Domain→Kingdom→Phylum→Class→Order→Family→Genus→Species

Question 2

Protostomes

1. Cleavage
2. Blastopore

Answer 2

1. Spiral & Determinant
2. Blastopore becomes the mouth

spiral = cells of different sizes.
determinant = fate of cells is set early in developement.

Question 3

Deuterostomes

1. Cleavage
2. Blastopore

Answer 3

1. Radial & Indeterminant
2. Blastopore becomes the anus

radial = cells of same size.
indeterminant = fate of cells determined later in developement.

Question 4

4 Characteristics of Chordates:

Answer 4

1. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
2. Notochord
3. Muscular, Post-Anal Tail
4. Pharyngeal Gill Slits OR Endostyle

all must be present at the same time during some stage of developement.

Question 5

What are the 2 NON-Chordate Deuterostomes?

Answer 5

Echinodermata and Hemichordata

Question 6

Phylum Echinodermata

Answer 6

• OPEN Circulatory System
• NO CHORDATE CHARACTERISTICS

ex. sea stars, urchins, sea cucumbers

Question 7

Phylum Hemichordata

“half chordate”

Answer 7

• OPEN Circulatory System
• bodies divided into probiscus, collar, and trunk
• Have Pharyngeal Gill Slits and a Short Dorsal Nerve Cord

Question 8

What are the 2 Hemichordata body plans?

Answer 8

• Enteropneust = rare, deep-sea forms, 1 pair of gill slits.
• Pterobranch = tiny, sessile, stalked, colonial organisms. ex. acorn-worms, tounge-worms.

Question 9

“Protochordates”

Answer 9

Grade of organisms.

Subphylum Urochordata and Subphylum Cephalochordata.

Question 10

Subphylum Urochordata

Tunicates

Answer 10

• marine and suspension feeders (use endostyle to trap food particles).
• MOTILE larvae, exhibit ALL Chordate characteristics.
• SESSILE adults, only retail pharyngeal gill slits.

Question 11

Subphylum Cephalochordata

Answer 11

• filter feeders (sensory hood surrounded by oral/buccal cirri)
• segmented muscles.
• retain ALL 4 Chordate characteristics into adulthood. (only one!!)

Question 12

Clade Craniata

Answer 12

• distinct, mineralized skull (protects brain, eyes, ears, and nasal structures)
• NOT ALL VERTEBRATES!
• presence of neural crest cells.
• first duplication of HOX genes.

Question 13

Neural Crest Cells

Answer 13

• arise from the ectoderm (*possible 4th germ layer, but we only say *3)
• eventually creates melanocytes, craniofacial cartillage/bone, smooth muscle, glia.

embryonic tissue near developing neural tube.

Question 14

HOX Genes

Answer 14

• developemental genes.
• duplication happens with increase complication of body plan (cranial-caudal axis).

Question 15

Anatomical Planes

Answer 15

https://www.purposegames.com/game/canine-anatomical-planes

Question 16

Semicircular Canals

Answer 16

helps with orientation and balance.

Hagfish =1 pair.
Lamprey = 2 pairs.

Question 17

Order Myxiniformes

Hagfishes

Answer 17

• NOT VERTEBRATES (have genetic material but don’t express it)
• HOX gene duplication.
• scavengers.
• swim with segmented muscles that put force on the notochord.
• organs (comlicated digestive system).

agnathan and cyclostomus

Question 18

Subphylum Vertebrata

Answer 18

• HAVE VERTEBRAE! (most serially arranged)
• 2 pairs semicircular canals.
• dual nervous systems (somatic and autonomic)
• DHNC → Spinal Cord.
• Notochord → Cartillagenous discs btwn vertebrae.

Question 19

Order Petromyzontiformes

Lamprey

Answer 19

• TRUE VERTEBRATES (vertebral arches instead of columns)
• parasitic (drink blood = less complicated digestive)
• larvae = ammocoetes (freshwater)

agnathan and cyclostomus

Question 20

Why is the line to determine phylogenetic relationships of extant vertebrates not straight?

Answer 20

if it were there would be a perfect organism, which there is not.