Lab Quiz 2 Flashcards

Question

cerebral aqueduct

Answer 1

connects third and fourth ventricle

Answer 2

* pair of olfactory bulbs (one under each lobe of the frontal cortex) * optic nerves * optic chiasm * optic tract * longitudinal fissure * oculomotor (III) nerve * IV ventricle

Answer 3

* part of midbrain * collectively known as the Tectum

Answer 4

* band of fibers that connects the two sides of the CNS * largest of all commissures is the **corpus callosum**

Answer 5

* cerebellum * arbor vitae

Answer 6

* putamen * globus pallidus * caudate nucleus

Answer 7

* **autonomic nervous system** * **intrinsic conduction (nodal) system** * consists of specialized noncontractile myocardial tissue * ensures heart muscle depolarizes in an orderly and sequential manner

Answer 8

* **sinoatrial node** * in right atrium just inferior to the entrance to the superior vena cava * **atrioventricular node** * in the lower atrial septum at the junction between the atria and ventricles * **AV bundle (Bundle of His)** and right and left bundle branches * in interventricular septum * **purkinje fibers** * within muscle bundles of the ventricular walls * network is much denser and more elaborate in the left ventricle

Answer 9

small wave that indicates depolarization of the atria immediately before atrial contraction (**systole**)

Answer 10

deflection waves

Answer 11

* results from ventricular depolarization * precedes ventricular systole * repolarization of the atria occurs, but is obscured

Answer 12

* results from currents during ventricular repolarization (relaxation of the muscle, or **diastole**)

Answer 13

* voltage and time * records electrical events occurring in relatively large amounts of muscle tissue, *not* the activity of nodal tissue

Answer 14

* represents the time between the beginning of atrial depolarization and ventricular depolarization * 0.16 to 0.18 sec

Answer 15

* a partial AV heart block caused by damage to the AV node

Answer 16

* no impulses are transmitted thorugh the AV node * the atria and ventricles beat independently of one another - the atria at the SA node rate and the ventricles at the intrinsic rate, which is considerably lower

Answer 17

0.04-0.12 sec

Answer 18

a right or left bundle branch block in which one ventricle is contracting later than the other

Answer 19

* 0.3-0.44 sec * period from the beginning of ventricular depolarization through repolarization * includes time of ventricular contraction (S-T)

Answer 20

* a condition of rapid uncoordinated heart contractions which makes the heart useless as a pump * may be caused by prolonged tachycardia

Answer 21

* 12 standard leads * 3 are bipolar leads that measure the voltage difference between the arms, or an arm and a leg * 9 other unipolar leads

Answer 22

* clinically assumed that the heart lies in the center of a triangle with sides of equal lengths, and that the recording connections are made at the **vertices** of that triangle

Answer 23

record the voltages generated in the extracellular fluids surrounding the heart

Answer 24

* RA-LA * connects right and left arms * most sensitive to electrical activity spreading **horizontally** across the heart

Answer 25

* RA-LL * right arm and left leg * records activity along the **vertical** axis (from the base of the heart to its apex), but from different orientations

Answer 26

* LA-LL * records activity along the **vertical** axis (from the base of the heart to its apex), but from different orientations

Answer 27

the sum of the voltages of leads I and III equals that in lead II

Answer 28

* measure the distance (mm) from the beginning of one QRS complex to the beginning of the next QRS complex * mm \* **0.04 sec/mm** = sec/beat * then to find beats/min: * (1 / sec/beat) \* 60 sec/min

Answer 29

* 95-135 for systolic * 50-90 for diastolic

Answer 30

vibrations of the arterial wall when the normal circular form of the artery is, in the compression area, more or less distorted by external pressure

Answer 31

characteristic sounds as blood flow returns to normal (while taking BP)

Answer 32

1. a clear, sharp sound as blood first begins to pass through the compressed area. this is often barely discernable for a 10-mm drop in pressure. this is the **systolic pressure** 2. a murmur of variable duration replacing the above, during the next 15-mm fall 3. a clear, loud and snappy sound replacing the murmur, for the next 15-mm fall 4. a transformation of the clear lound sound into a dull one lasting throughout the next 5- to 6-mm fall 5. the disappearance of all sound (**diastolic pressure**)

Answer 33

sphygmomanometer

Answer 34

60-80 beats/min

Answer 35

* generated by turbulent flow of blood, which may occur inside or outside the heart * may be *physiological* (benign) or *pathological* (abnormal)

Answer 36

* stenosis restricting the opening of a heart valve * may occur with **valvular insufficiency (**or **regurgitation**), which allows backflow of blood when the incompetent valve closes with only partial effectiveness

Answer 37

* **protodiastolic gallop** * **ventricular gallop** * "kentucky" gallop * thought to be cause by the oscillation of blood back and forth between the walls of the ventricles initiated by inrushing blood from the atria * may also be a result of tensing of the chordae tendineae

Answer 38

* right-sided S3 will increase on inspiration * left-sided S3 will increase on expiration

Answer 39

* **presystolic gallop** * **artrial gallop** * produced by the sound of blood being forced into a stiff/hypertrophic ventricle * usually a sign of a failing left ventricle or restrictive cardiomyopathy * occurs just after atrial contraction ("atrial kick") at the end of diastole and immediately before S1 * "Tennessee" gallop

Answer 40

* combined presence of S3 and S4 * "Hello-Goodbye" gallop

Answer 41

* S7 * at rapid heart rates, S3 and S4 merge