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Advanced Human Physiology > Lab Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Lab Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

twitch

A

single muscle contraction

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2
Q

tropomyosin

A

protein molecule that prevents myosin filaments from coming in contact with actin filaments

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3
Q

substance necessary for functioning of enzymes involved in muscle contraction

A

magnesium

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4
Q

troponin

A

protein complex that calcium binds to, causing tropomyosin to slide out of the way, and the myosin to come in contact with actin

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5
Q

type I muscle fibers

A
  • slow-twitch
  • aerobic
  • good endurance
  • lots of mitochondria
  • lots of myoglobin
  • many capillaries
  • relatively small
  • smaller motor units
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6
Q

type II muscle fibers

A
  • fast-twitch
  • anaerobic
  • fatigue easily
  • few mitochondria
  • little myoglobin
  • few capillaries
  • larger in diameter
  • stronger stimulus to cause recruitment
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7
Q

motor unit

A

somatic motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

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8
Q

motor unit summation

A

recruitment of motor units

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9
Q

wave or temporal summation

A

series of contractions that build on each other

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10
Q

tetanus

A

when stimuli are delivered so rapidly there is no time for relaxation, so that the muscle is in a smooth, sustained contraction

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11
Q

what are summation and tetanus due to?

A

an increase in the frequency of stimulation

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12
Q

what is summation of motor units due to?

A

increased strength (amplitude) of each individual stimulus

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13
Q

lactic acid (lactate)

A
  • product of anaerobic respiration
  • associated with fatigue
    • lactic acid accumulates in muscle –> pH drops –> reduced enzyme activity
  • short-term fatigue
    • lactic acid is quickly removed from the muscle and taken up to the liver for gluconeogenesis (converted back to glucose)
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14
Q

products of aerobic respiration

A

CO2 and H2O

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15
Q

what is fatigue during endurance exercise associated with?

A

depletion of glycogen

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16
Q

instrument that measures the force of muscle contraction in kg/force

A

hand dynamometer

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17
Q

glycerination process

A

disrupts the troponin/tropomyosin complex that otherwise blocks the myosin binding sites; therefore, no calcium is needed to induce contraction

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18
Q

another name for posterior

A

caudal

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19
Q

another name for anterior

A

rostral

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20
Q

plane that divides the left from the right

A

sagittal plane

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21
Q

plane that divides front from back

A

frontal (or coronal) planes

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22
Q

plane that divides top and bottom

A

horizontal plane

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23
Q

meninges of brain

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid layer
  • pia mater
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24
Q

brain stem structures

A
  • pons
  • medulla
  • cerebellum
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25
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

connects third and fourth ventricle

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26
Q

structures of ventral surface of brain

A
  • pair of olfactory bulbs (one under each lobe of the frontal cortex)
  • optic nerves
  • optic chiasm
  • optic tract
  • longitudinal fissure
  • oculomotor (III) nerve
  • IV ventricle
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27
Q

superior and inferior colliculi

A
  • part of midbrain
  • collectively known as the Tectum
28
Q

commissures

A
  • band of fibers that connects the two sides of the CNS
  • largest of all commissures is the corpus callosum
29
Q

tree of life

A
  • cerebellum
  • arbor vitae
30
Q

basal ganglia

A
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
  • caudate nucleus
31
Q

two types of control in heart activity

A
  • autonomic nervous system
  • intrinsic conduction (nodal) system
    • consists of specialized noncontractile myocardial tissue
    • ensures heart muscle depolarizes in an orderly and sequential manner
32
Q

components of intrinsic conduction system

A
  • sinoatrial node
    • in right atrium just inferior to the entrance to the superior vena cava
  • atrioventricular node
    • in the lower atrial septum at the junction between the atria and ventricles
  • AV bundle (Bundle of His) and right and left bundle branches
    • in interventricular septum
  • purkinje fibers
    • within muscle bundles of the ventricular walls
    • network is much denser and more elaborate in the left ventricle
33
Q

P wave

A

small wave that indicates depolarization of the atria immediately before atrial contraction (systole)

34
Q

waves of ECG

A

deflection waves

35
Q

QRS complex

A
  • results from ventricular depolarization
  • precedes ventricular systole
  • repolarization of the atria occurs, but is obscured
36
Q

T wave

A
  • results from currents during ventricular repolarization (relaxation of the muscle, or diastole)
37
Q

what does an ECG show?

A
  • voltage and time
  • records electrical events occurring in relatively large amounts of muscle tissue, not the activity of nodal tissue
38
Q

P-R (P-Q) interval

A
  • represents the time between the beginning of atrial depolarization and ventricular depolarization
  • 0.16 to 0.18 sec
39
Q

what might a long P-R interval suggest?

A
  • a partial AV heart block caused by damage to the AV node
40
Q

what happens in a total heart block?

A
  • no impulses are transmitted thorugh the AV node
  • the atria and ventricles beat independently of one another - the atria at the SA node rate and the ventricles at the intrinsic rate, which is considerably lower
41
Q

normal QRS interval range

A

0.04-0.12 sec

42
Q

what does a prolonged QRS interval indicate?

A

a right or left bundle branch block in which one ventricle is contracting later than the other

43
Q

Q-T interval

A
  • 0.3-0.44 sec
  • period from the beginning of ventricular depolarization through repolarization
  • includes time of ventricular contraction (S-T)
44
Q

fibrillation

A
  • a condition of rapid uncoordinated heart contractions which makes the heart useless as a pump
  • may be caused by prolonged tachycardia
45
Q

leads for ECG

A
  • 12 standard leads
    • 3 are bipolar leads that measure the voltage difference between the arms, or an arm and a leg
    • 9 other unipolar leads
46
Q

Einthoven’s triangle

A
  • clinically assumed that the heart lies in the center of a triangle with sides of equal lengths, and that the recording connections are made at the vertices of that triangle
47
Q

standard limb leads

A

record the voltages generated in the extracellular fluids surrounding the heart

48
Q

lead I

A
  • RA-LA
    • connects right and left arms
  • most sensitive to electrical activity spreading horizontally across the heart
49
Q

lead II

A
  • RA-LL
    • right arm and left leg
  • records activity along the vertical axis (from the base of the heart to its apex), but from different orientations
50
Q

lead III

A
  • LA-LL
  • records activity along the vertical axis (from the base of the heart to its apex), but from different orientations
51
Q

Einthoven’s law

A

the sum of the voltages of leads I and III equals that in lead II

52
Q

how to compute heart rate

A
  • measure the distance (mm) from the beginning of one QRS complex to the beginning of the next QRS complex
  • mm * 0.04 sec/mm = sec/beat
    • then to find beats/min:
      • (1 / sec/beat) * 60 sec/min
53
Q

normal blood pressure

A
  • 95-135 for systolic
  • 50-90 for diastolic
54
Q

auscultatory method

A

vibrations of the arterial wall when the normal circular form of the artery is, in the compression area, more or less distorted by external pressure

55
Q

Korotkoff sounds

A

characteristic sounds as blood flow returns to normal (while taking BP)

56
Q

five phases during lowering of the external pressure from above the obliteration point of the artery

A
  1. a clear, sharp sound as blood first begins to pass through the compressed area. this is often barely discernable for a 10-mm drop in pressure. this is the systolic pressure
  2. a murmur of variable duration replacing the above, during the next 15-mm fall
  3. a clear, loud and snappy sound replacing the murmur, for the next 15-mm fall
  4. a transformation of the clear lound sound into a dull one lasting throughout the next 5- to 6-mm fall
  5. the disappearance of all sound (diastolic pressure)
57
Q

blood pressure cuff

A

sphygmomanometer

58
Q

normal heart rate

A

60-80 beats/min

59
Q

heart murmurs

A
  • generated by turbulent flow of blood, which may occur inside or outside the heart
  • may be physiological (benign) or pathological (abnormal)
60
Q

two causes of abnormal murmurs

A
  • stenosis restricting the opening of a heart valve
  • may occur with valvular insufficiency (or regurgitation), which allows backflow of blood when the incompetent valve closes with only partial effectiveness
61
Q

S3

A
  • protodiastolic gallop
  • ventricular gallop
  • “kentucky” gallop
  • thought to be cause by the oscillation of blood back and forth between the walls of the ventricles initiated by inrushing blood from the atria
    • may also be a result of tensing of the chordae tendineae
62
Q

right-sided vs. left-sided S3

A
  • right-sided S3 will increase on inspiration
  • left-sided S3 will increase on expiration
63
Q

S4

A
  • presystolic gallop
  • artrial gallop
  • produced by the sound of blood being forced into a stiff/hypertrophic ventricle
    • usually a sign of a failing left ventricle or restrictive cardiomyopathy
  • occurs just after atrial contraction (“atrial kick”) at the end of diastole and immediately before S1
  • “Tennessee” gallop
64
Q

quadruple gallop

A
  • combined presence of S3 and S4
  • “Hello-Goodbye” gallop
65
Q

summation gallop

A
  • S7
  • at rapid heart rates, S3 and S4 merge
66
Q
A

Advanced Human Physiology (10 decks)

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