exam 3 - immune system part #1

Question 1

“trained immunity”

Answer 1

cells of the innate immune system, such as natural killer cells, exhibit increased effectiveness during secondary exposure to a pathogen

Question 2

innate immunity defenses

Answer 2

• external: epithelial membrane
  
  • secretes antimicrobial peptides
• internal: phagocytosis

Question 3

how does the innate immune system distinguish between “self” and invading pathogens? give examples.

Answer 3

• by recognizing microbial molecules called pathogen-associate molecular patterns (PAMPs)
  
  • examples:
    
    • lipopolysaccharides
    • peptidoglycan

Question 4

pathogen recognition receptors

Answer 4

• some cells of the innate immune system have receptor proteins that recognize PAMPs

Question 5

toll-like receptors

Answer 5

• group of pathogen recognition receptors of the innate immune system
• 10 different toll-like receptors
  
  • each specific for a different type of molecule that is characteristic of invading pathogens but not of human cells

Question 6

exposure to LPS stimulates one of the toll-like receptors on which cells? what do they cells secrete?

Answer 6

• dendritic cells and macrophages
  
  • these cells secrete chemokines, which recruit other cells of the immune system, and cytokines (cell growth and regulatory molecules), which promote different aspects of immune responses (of the innate and adaptive immune system)

Question 7

NOD-like receptors

Answer 7

• group of pathogen recognition receptors
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