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Bio 30 > Lab Quiz 1 (Exer 1 pre) > Flashcards

Lab Quiz 1 (Exer 1 pre) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genetics is the study of ____ and ____

A

Heredity and variation

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2
Q

Transmission of traits from generation to generation

A

Heredity

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3
Q

Deals with genetic differences between organisms

A

Variation

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4
Q

Process involved in heredity and variation

A

Cell division

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5
Q

All cells in all organisms grow and reproduce by

A

Cell division

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6
Q

A unicellular bacterium, after ____, can reproduce by dividing into ____

A

Doubling its size; dividing into two cells

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7
Q

In multicellular organisms, growth is attained by ______ or by ______

A

Dividing constituent cells; increasing size of preexisting cells

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8
Q

Cell is growing and dividing; and the physical and metabolic activities of cells occur in a regular cycle in a repetitive manner

A

Cell cycle

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9
Q

Two phases of cell cycle

A

Interphase and M-phase

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10
Q

Non-dividing phase

A

Interphase

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11
Q

Process in which a cell may double its entire content in preparation for cell division

A

Interphase

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12
Q

Dividing phase

A

M-phase

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13
Q

Where the cell contents are distributed into daughter cells

A

M-phase

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14
Q

T/F: The amount of time spent in each phase of the cell cycle is a characteristic of a particular cell

A

T

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15
Q

Phase: nucleus is very distinct; is enclosed by a definite nuclear membrane

A

Interphase

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16
Q

One or several small round dense bodies within the nucleus

A

Nucleoli

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17
Q

Granular network of darkly staining material (in the nucleus)

A

Chromatin

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18
Q

Phase: consists of 3 phases that are not morphologically distinguishable; but biochemically distinct

A

Interphase

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19
Q

3 Phases of interphase

A

G1, S, G2

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20
Q

Phase: Nucleus and Cytoplasm are enlarging toward mature size

A

G1 Phase

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21
Q

In G1, cell increases in volume by ___ and ____

A

imbibing water and nutrients; building new protoplasm

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22
Q

In G1: what are the organelles formed?

A

Cytoplasmic organelles: ER, GA, ribosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts

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23
Q

In G1: what materials are produced?

A

Secretory and storage granules; cell wall materials

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24
Q

In G1: if chromatin if stretched would resemble a?

A

Long chromatin fiber

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25
Q

Phase: active synthesis of DNA (replication) and histones

A

S phase

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26
Q

Components of chromatin

A

Histones

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27
Q

DNA content (C) of cell becomes ___ after replication

A

Doubled

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28
Q

In S phase: Diploid cell with 2C will have ___ C after replication

A

4

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29
Q

In S phase: each chromatin fiber is _____

A

Replicated/doubled

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30
Q

Phase: there is active synthesis of RNA and proteins necessary for chromosome synthesis

A

G2 phase

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31
Q

Phase: mitotic spindles (spindle fibers are formed)

A

G2 phase

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32
Q

In G2 phase: how is a chromosome formed

A

Doubled chromatin fiber is folded

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33
Q

Parts of a chromosome (5)

A

chromosome arm, chromatid, kinetochore, centromere, telomere

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34
Q

Each chromosome is composed of

A

Sister chromatids

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35
Q

Site of constriction of a chromosome

A

Centromere/ primary constriction

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36
Q

Function of centromere

A

Attachment site of kinetochore proteins

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37
Q

Site of attachment of spindle fibers

A

Kinetochores

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38
Q

Tips of chromosomes

A

Telomeres

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39
Q

Function of telomere

A

Stability

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40
Q

Basis of chromosome classification

A

Position/location of centromere

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41
Q

Centromere is median

A

Metacentric

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42
Q

Centromere is submedian

A

Submetacentric

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43
Q

Centromere is subterminal

A

Acrocentric

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44
Q

Centromere is terminal

A

Telocentric

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45
Q

A ____ may be associated in a secondary constriction

A

Nucleolus

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46
Q

Presence of secondary constriction in a chromosome arm leads to ____

A

Formation of a satellite at the terminus

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47
Q

Phase: may either be mitosis or meiosis

A

M-phase or division

48
Q

T/F: cell goes through interphase before undergoing division in both mitosis and meiosis

A

T

49
Q

Undergone by all somatic/body and germ cells

A

Mitosis

50
Q

In multicellular organisms, mitosis is a means of ___ and ____

A

Increasing number of cells; replacing worn out tissues

51
Q

In unicellular organisms, mitosis is a ___

A

Mode of reproduction

52
Q

Number of set/s of chromosomes in a sexually reproducing diploid individual

A

Two sets (2n): 1 set (n) from male parent; 1 set (n) from female parent

53
Q

Complete set of chromosomes from either parent

A

Genome

54
Q

Each of the chromosomes in one set has a corresponding pair or ____ in the other set

A

Homologue

55
Q

Transmission of the chromosomes from parent to offspring

A

Union of gametes (n) via fertilization

56
Q

Fertilization results in ___

A

Fertilized egg or zygote (2n)

57
Q

Each cell in zygote (2n) has ____ number of chromosomes as original zygote

A

The same

58
Q

Why are the number of chromosomes in each cell of offspring zygote same as number of chromosomes in each cell of parent zygote (chromosome constancy)

A

As cells divide, chromosomes are equally distributed among cells produced

59
Q

Chromosome constancy is accomplished through ___

A

Mitosis

60
Q

Continuous orderly series of events wherein each cell divides to form two daughter cells that are exact replicas of the call from which they were derived (parent cell)

A

Mitosis

61
Q

Phases of mitosis (4)

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT)

62
Q

Phase: Chromosomes shorten, thicken, and become visible thick rods; they are longitudinally double with each half called a chromatid

A

Prophase

63
Q

Each half of a chromosome; closely pressed against each other throughout their length

A

Chromatids

64
Q

When do nucleoli and nuclear membrane completely disappear

A

Late prophase

65
Q

T/F: After late prophase, spindle fibers radiate from microtubule organizing centers

A

T

66
Q

Phase: Maximally condense chromosomes align at the equatorial plane

A

Metaphase

67
Q

T/F: In metaphase, each chromosome separate from each other

A

F: Each chromosome separate from each other EXCEPT at the centromere

68
Q

In metaphase, spindle fibers attach to the ________ on _____ sides of the centromere

A

Kinetochore proteins; opposite

69
Q

Phase: Each chromatid of a chromosome as its own centromere

A

Anaphase

70
Q

At anaphase, centromeres become ____

A

Functionally double

71
Q

Phase: Each member of the doubled chromosome begins to move toward opposite poles

A

Anaphase

72
Q

What causes poleward movement in anaphase

A

Depolymerization of spindle fibers attached to the kinetochores at the centromere

73
Q

Phase: Upon reaching opposite poles, chromosomes regroup into nuclear regions

A

Telophase

74
Q

What happens to chromosomes after chromosomes regroup

A

They uncoil and lengthen and lose their visible identity

75
Q

What happens after chromosomes uncoil and lengthen

A

Cytokinesis / cytoplasmic division

75
Q

Phase: Sexually reproducing organisms reproduce by fertilization of their haploid (n) gametes

A

Meiosis

76
Q

In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs via ___

A

Cleavage furrow formation

76
Q

Cell wall plate formation starts from ___ towards ____

A

Inside, the periphery

76
Q

How is cytoplasm divided in plant cells

A

Via cell wall plate formation

77
Q

Cleavage furrow formation starts from ___ going ____

A

The periphery, inwards

78
Q

Most important feature of mitosis

A

Chromosome number remains constant through successive cell divisions

Chromosome duplication is followed by cell division; results to exact and equal distribution of chromosomes to each daughter cell

Chromosome makeup of daughter cells is the same as parent cell

79
Q

What makes mitosis an equational division

A

Chromosome makeup of daughter cells is the same as parent cell

80
Q

Mature organisms produce gametes in the ____ of animals and ____ of plants

A

Gonads, sporangia (stamens and pistils)

81
Q

Meiosis occurs during _____, the process involved in gamete formation

A

Gametogenesis

82
Q

Gametogenesis in males

A

Spermatogenesis

83
Q

Gametogenesis in females

A

Oogenesis

84
Q

Gametogenesis in higher plants

A

microsporogenesis (males), megasporogenesis (females)

85
Q

Divisions consisting meiosis

A

Meiosis I and II

86
Q

AKA reductional division, involves separation of homologous chromosomes resulting in 2 cells each with haploid chromosome number

A

Meiosis I

87
Q

Equational division, second division, sister chromatids are separated, four haploid cells are produced

A

Meiosis II

88
Q

Explain names of 5 substages of Prophase I

A

first 4: reflects physical appearance of chromatin material in each stage
5th: reflects behavior of chromosomes in that stage

89
Q

Describe Leptonema

A
  • chromatin in nucleus appear as long thin threads w/ bead-like structures (chromomeres) along their lengths
  • in some plants, chromosomes are clumped on one side of nucleus (synizesis)
  • in some animals, drawn toward part of nuclear membrane close to centriole
    -leptos = thin; nema = thread
90
Q

Describe Zygonema

A
  • synapsis begins (pairing of homologous chromosomes)
  • synaptonemal complex is formed; this is essential for crossing over
  • zygon = adjoining, nema = thread
91
Q

Essential for crossing over

A

Synaptonemal complex

92
Q

In zygonema, what do the paired chromosomes form

A

Bivalent (II) consisting of 4 chromatids

93
Q

T/F: Synapsis is precise and proceeds in a zipper-like fashion

A

T

94
Q

Describe Pachynema

A
  • chromosomes are thicker due to further coiling
  • chromosomes in a bivalent are closely appressed to each other
  • chromatid breaks; repair occurs along the chromosome
  • repair may entail crossing over
  • pachus = thick, nema = thread
95
Q

Describe crossing over

A
  • exchange of segments between sister and non-sister chromatids in a bivalent
  • cytologically observed through the formation of chiasma/chiasmata at the point of exchange
  • generates further genetic variation (esp if between non-sister chromatids)
96
Q

Prophase I stage: nucleolus is still evident, and chromosomes attached to it are called nuceolus organizers

A

Pachynema

97
Q

Describe Diplonema

A
  • synaptonemal complex no longer functional
  • longitudinal separation of homologues in a bivalent start from centromere toward both ends except at chiasmata
    -diplo = two, nema = thread
98
Q

Describe Diakinesis

A
  • bivalents are maximally condensed and distributed throughout the nucleus
  • terminalization of chiasmata between homologues that underwent crossing over, resulting in complete separation of homologues (may not easily be seen)
    -at end:
    1) nucleolus and nuclear membrane have disappeared
    2) spindle fiber has formed
    3) prophase i complete
  • dia = across, kinesis = movement
99
Q

Phase: bivalents align at equatorial plane, oriented such that homologues are on opposite sides of plan, with spindle fibers attached to their kinetochores

A

Metaphase I

100
Q

Phase: univalents (I), or homologues, in each bivalent separate from each other, univalents move to opposite poles

A

Anaphase I

101
Q

In Anaphase I, what causes movement of univalents to opposite poles

A

Depolymerization of spindle fibers

102
Q

In Anaphase I, what process accounts for the reductional phase of meiosis I

A

Homologues segregate from one another so that each anaphase group is composed of a haploid (n) number of chromosomes

103
Q

Phase: chromosomes regroup and their coiled structures begin to relax; nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear, forming two haploid daughter nuclei; cytokinesis follows

A

Telophase I

104
Q

T/F: Cytokinesis takes place after meiosis I in all species

A

F; no, in some species it does not

105
Q

Brief transitional stage occurring in telophase I before the cell proceeds to the next stage

A

Interkinesis

106
Q

Phase: Chromosomes begin to condense, nuclear membrane disintegrates, nucleus disappears

A

Prophase II

107
Q

Phase: Spindle fibers form, chromosomes align at equatorial plane

A

Metaphase II

108
Q

Phase: Sister chromatids of a univalent separate and move to opposite poles as individual chromosomes

A

Anaphase II

109
Q

Chromosomes uncoil and lengthen, nuclear membrane is reconstituted, nucleolus reappears; cytokinesis follows, forming 4 daughter cells w/ haploid chromosome numbers

A

Telophase II

110
Q

Diploid starts with 2N chromosomes with 2X DNA content; ends with 2N chromosomes with 2X DNA content

A

Mitosis

111
Q

A diploid cell starts with 2N chromosomes with 4X DNA content; ends with 4 haploid gametes with 1N chromosomes and 1X DNA content

A

Meiosis

112
Q
A

Bio 30 (3 decks)

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