Lab Quiz #1 Flashcards by Naomi de Vette

Anatomy def’n

Study of the Human body’s structure/form

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Physiology def’n

Study of human body function

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What organs and functions are involved with the nervous system?

Organs: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves and sense organs

Function: controls and integrates body activities within and outside of the body

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What organs and functions are involved with the integumentary system?

Organs: Skin, associated sense organs, sweat and oil glands

Functions: protection, thermoregulation, prevents water loss, houses sensory receptors and involved in vitamins D synthesis.

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What organs and functions are involved with the Skeletal system?

Organs: Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments and bone marrow.

Function: Support, protection, stores minerals and produces blood cells.

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What organs and functions are involved with the Muscular system?

Organs: Skeletal muscle

Functions: movement, produces heat, posture and controls openings

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What organs and functions are involved with the Endorcine system?

Organs: Pituitary and pineal gland, thyroid and parathyroid gland, thymus, pancreas, adrenal gland, testes and ovaries, endocrine tissue in other systems.

Function: Produces hormones allowing long term control of target cell metabolism.

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What organs and functions are involved with the reproductive system? Male and female

Male organs: scrotum, testes, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, penis

Female organs: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary gland.

Function: Produces and maintains gametes and sex hormones, allows transfer of gamete’s, supports development of embryo and birth process and involved in lactation.

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What organs and functions are involved with the cardiovascular system?

Organs: Heart blood vessels and blood

Function: Transports materials throughout the body, helps maintain temperature and balance.

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What organs and functions are involved with the respiratory system?

Organs: Nasal cavity + sinuses, pharynx, larynx, bronchial tree, lungs.

Function: moves air in and out of the body, exchanges gases between air and blood, involved in pH balance and speech.

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What organs and functions are involved with the Lymphatic system?

Organs: lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus spleen, tonsils.

Function: takes fluid from leaked blood capillaries and returns it to blood, filters blood and houses immune system.

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What organs and functions are involved with the digestive system?

Organs: Mouth, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, intestines, rectum, anus.

Function: Breaks down food, absorbs useful nutrients and voids residue as feces.

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What organs and functions are involved with the urinary system?

Organs: Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra

Function: removes metabolic waste, maintains electrolyte, pH and water balance, and maintains blood pressure.

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What are the 11 organ systems?

Reproductive
Respiratory
Urinary
Endocrine
Respiratory
Cardiovascular
Nervous
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Lymphatic

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What is another way to describe “towards the front”?

Anterior/ ventral

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What is another way to describe “towards the back”?

Posterior/dorsal

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What is another way to describe “above, towards the head”?

Superior

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What is another way to describe “below, towards the feet”?

Inferior

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What is another way to describe “towards the middle/midline”?

Medial

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What is another way to describe “towards the side/away from midline”?

Lateral

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What is another way to describe “towards the surface”?

Superficial

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What is another way to describe “away from the surface”?

Deep

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What is another way to describe “part of arm/leg that is closer to trunk/point of attachment”?

Proximal

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What is another way to describe “part of arm/leg that is farther away from trunk/point of attachment”?

Distal

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Based off regional terminology pg 10 where do the body parts go?

1. Cephalic 2. Cervical 3. Thoracic 4. Abdominal 5. Pelvic 6. Femoral 7. Patellar 8. Crural 9. Orbital/ocular 10. Nasal 11. Oral 12. Ancillary 13. Brachial 14. Antecubital 15. Antebrachial 16. Palmar 17. Gluteal 18. Popliteal 19. Sural 20. Plantar

What are the Abdominal regions? (Left to right)

Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant

Abdominal regions? (Left to right)

Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguinal/iliac, hypogastric, left inguinal/iliac.

What are the 3 body planes and what do they separate?

Sagittal: separates body from right and left Transverse: separates inferior to superior Frontal: separates anterior from posterior

What are most body organs protected by?

Bones or layers of muscles called body cavities. Individual organs are also protected by smaller organ cavities.

What are the components of body/organ cavity’s (Superficial to deep)

Parietal serosa: thin, smooth membranes that secrete serous fluid and lines body cavity Pleural cavity: space between, filled with serous fluid, allows layers to slide without causing friction. Visceral serosa: connected to organ

What makes up the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity?

Thoracic: Pleural cavity and pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic: Abdominal and pelvic cavity

What is the area between the lungs?

Mediastinum

What is regulated at the cellular level

Physiological process

Physiology involves ____________ within cells and ____________ between cells.

Chemical reactions Chemical interactions

What is physical isolation?

Intercellular and extracellular environment differ

What is chemical signalling?

Ex. Receptor proteins, enzymes in membrane

What are the 6 different membrane protein functions?

1. Receptor 2. Enzyme 3. Carriers (interact with molecules) 4. Ion channel 5. Recognition 6. Attachment

Peripheral vs integral protein

Peripheral: located on inner or outer surface of phospholipid bilayer Integral: embedded in the white bilayer

What cell organelle would synthesize Glut-4 transporters?

Ribosomes

What cell organelle would package Glue-4 transporters in vesicles for transport to the cell surface?

Golgi apparatus (body)

What effect would insulin have on blood glucose concentration?

Decrease concentration

What is hemoglobin?

Oxygen blood bonding protein found in the blood.

What is glycation?

Getting sugar to stick to a protein

What sugar would be bound to haemoglobin in a diabetics blood?

Glucose

What are the 3 main mechanisms of movement in and out of cells? And what does this do?

1. Diffusion 2. Transport proteins 3. Vesicular transport - exchange materials between the ICF and ECF

What does diffusion and what does it require?

Movement of material from a region with high concentration to one with low concentration. Requires: - concentration gradient

What are cell membranes freely permeable to?

Lipid soluble substances and gases

What is channel mediated diffusion? What are the three different types?

Passageways formed by membrane proteins that allow the diffusion of specific ions down the concentration gradient. Can function as a leak channel: open all the time or a gated channel: stimuli open/close channel. 1. Voltage gated: open or close in response to charge difference across membrane 2. Ligand gated: open or close in response to binding chemicals 3. Mechanically gated: open or close in response to stretch or distortion

Solvent vs solute

Solvent: water Solute: thing to be dissolved

What is osmosis?

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

What are aquaporins?

Special channels that allow water to move across the cell membrane

What is osmolarity?

Total solute concentration of a solution measured in Osmoles (moles of solute that cintribiyte to osmosis) per litre = Osm/L

What is tonicity?

Relative solute concentration; compares osmolarity of 2 solutions separated by a membrane

Hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic:

Hyper: solution with high solute concentration Hypo: solution with low solute concentration Iso: solution with equal solute concentration

When water moves into an extracellular or intracellular compartment, it exerts a pressure called?

Osmotic pressure

What is the function of transport proteins?

Transport small molecules via integral membrane proteins. This occur due to the possession of specific binding sights, however has limited number and can become saturated.

What is it called when a transport protein caries molecules down a concentration gradient with no ATP required?

Facilitated transport/passive transport

What is it called when a transport protein carries molecules against the concentration gradient (requires ATP)

Active transport

What is it called when a transport protein carries molecules by using the energy of the ion gradient?

Secondary active transport

What is the function of vascular transport?

Used to move large molecules or large volumes of fluid.

Endocytosis vs exocytosis:

Endo: brings materials into the cell Exo: moves material out of the cell

What is the function of phagocytosis and pinocytosis?

Phag: consumes materials and bring into/out of cell Pino: drinking materials to bring in and out of cell