lab pratical Flashcards
1
Q
Characteristics of an enzyme
A
- Speed up the reactions of hydrolysis, decomposition, oxidation, double displacement polymerization, and other chemical processes.
- Tend to react with one or only a specific few molecule
- Proteins
2
Q
Free energy curve
A
- An enzyme works by lowering the energy activation required for a reaction
3
Q
Identify the components catalyzed in a chemical reaction
A
- Substrates, products, and enzyme itself
4
Q
Identify factors that affect the function of enzymes
A
- Changed or destroyed by heating
- Sensitive to changes in Ph
- Sensitive to various chemical and physical agents
5
Q
Aerobic
A
oxygen present
6
Q
Anerobic
A
no oxygen present
7
Q
Identify the electron carriers during cellular respiration
A
NAD+
FAD
8
Q
Location (photosynthesis)
A
Chloroplasts
9
Q
What set of reactions occur during this process ( Photosynthesis)
A
- Light-dependent reaction or light reaction
- independent reaction or dark reaction
10
Q
Where are these reactions located and what products do, they form? (Photosynthesis)
A
- Photosynthesis begins with the light reaction which is carried out only during the day in the presence of sunlight. In plants, the light-dependent reaction takes place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
- The dark reaction occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast where they utilize the NADPH and ATP products of the light reaction.
11
Q
End result of Mitosis in relation to cell number
A
- Mitosis is the type of cell division that results in the formation of two daughter cells each with the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell.
12
Q
End result of Meiosis in relation to cell number
A
- Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in the formation of four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
13
Q
Difference between Mitosis and Meiosis
A
- Mitosis is the process where the division of cell occurs by asexual reproduction.
- Meiosis is the form of nuclear cell division that results in daughter cells that have one-half the chromosome numbers as the original cell.
14
Q
Mitosis
A
- Prophase- Nucleus disappears, chromatid fibers condense. The chromosomes appear as sister chromatids that are joined by a central centromere. The mitotic spindle begins to form. The spindle apparatus emanates for the centrioles.
- Prometaphase- nuclear membrane breaks down and the microtubules begin to invade the nuclear area where they are destined to attach themselves to the kinetochores.
- Metaphase- chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate, a position equidistant from each of the centrioles.
- Anaphase- sister chromatids are pulled apart by the microtubules that emanate from each pole. The centrioles of the cell move apart. By the end, we observe the separation of collections of chromosomes which were located near the two poles.
- Telophase- the cell continues to elongate as the daughter nuclei from at the poles. Nuclear envelopes reform and the nucleoli develops. The chromatid becomes less tightly coiled.
15
Q
Meiosis
A
- Prophase 1 – centrosomes move while a spindle of microtubules form. Crossing over takes place. Chromosomes move apart as microtubules extend and move to the metaphase plate.
- Metaphase 1- pairs of chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate. Each of the pair is facing a pole. Kinetochore microtubules from one pole are attached to both chromatids of one homolog.
- Anaphase 1 – homologs move to opposite poles guided by the spindle apparatus. Sister chromatids move as a unit to the same pole.
- Telophase 1- each cell of the cell contains half of the number of chromosomes of the original cell. Each chromosome still consists of 2 sister chromatids. Each sister chromatid may now have regions of DNA from non-sister chromatids due to crossing over.
- Cytokinesis- animal cells form a cleavage furrow and plant cell form a cell plate.
- Prophase 2 – the spindle apparatus forms when the chromosomes still consist of sister chromatids associated with the centromere.
- Metaphase 2 – chromosomes are positioned at the metaphase plate. Two sister chromatids are not genetically equal. Kinetochores are attached to microtubules extending from apparatus poles.
- Anaphase 2- proteins that hold the sister chromatids together break down. Chromosomes move toward opposite poles as microtubule motor protein disassembles the tubulin monomers. They lengthen and pull apart.
- Telophase 2 and cytokinesis- the chromosome decondense. Nuclei reform producing 4 daughter cells each with a haploid set of chromosomes.
