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Bio Exam 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Several characteristics that made fruit flies a convenient organism for genetic studying

A

Produce many offspring
Generation can be bred over 2 weeks
Only 4 pairs of chromosomes

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2
Q

What does the Y chromosome do?

A

Development of testes

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3
Q

A recessive X linked trait to be expressed

A

A female needs two copies of the allele (homozygous)

A male needs only one copy of the allele (hemizygous)

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4
Q

Disorders caused be recessive alleles on the X chromosome

A

Color blindness
Duchenne muscular distrophy
Hemophilia

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5
Q

Female

A

XX

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6
Q

Male

A

XY

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7
Q

Barr body

A

The inactive x condenses

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8
Q

Linked genes

A

Genes that are located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together

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9
Q

Parental type

A

Offering with a phenotype matching one of the parental phenotypes

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10
Q

Recombinant types (recombinations)

A

Offspring with no parental phenotypes, a new combination of traits

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11
Q

Genetic map

A

An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome

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12
Q

Linkage map

A

Genetic map if a chromosome based on recombination frequencies

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13
Q

Map units

A

1% combination frequency

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14
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Pairs of homologous chromosomes do not separate normally during meiosis as a result a gamete received two of the same or no copy

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15
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Results from the fertilization of gametes in which nondisjunction occurs

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16
Q

Monosomic zygote

A

Has only one copy of a particular chromosome

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17
Q

Trisomic zygote

A

Has 3 copies of a particular chromosome

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18
Q

Polyploidy

A

A condition where an organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes

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19
Q

Breakage of chromosomes can lead to four types of changes in chromosome structure

A

Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation

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20
Q

Drown syndrome

A

An aneuploid condition that results from three copies of chromosome 21

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21
Q

Genetic imprinting

A

Involves the silencing of certain genes depending on which parent passes them on

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22
Q

Extranuclear genes

A

Found in cytoplasm

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23
Q

Virus

A

Dna (sometimes rna) enclosed by a protective coat of protien

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24
Q

Chargaffs rules

A

The base composition of dna varies between species

In any species the number of A and T bases is equal and the number of G and C bases are equal

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25
Q

Origins of replication

A

Where the two dna strands are separated opening up a bubble

26
Q

Helicases

A

Enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks

27
Q

Single stranded binding proteins

A

Bind to and stabilize single stranded dna

28
Q

Topoisonerase

A

Receives the strain of twisting of the double helix by breaking swiveling and rejoining dna strands

29
Q

Primer

A

The initial nucleotide chain is a short rna

30
Q

Primase

A

Primer is synthesized by this enzyme

31
Q

Dna polymerases

A

Catalyze the synthesis of new dna at a replication fork

32
Q

Nuclease

A

Cuts out and replaces damaged stretches of dna

33
Q

A mother who has a dominant disorder will pass her alleles to her children

A

True

34
Q

Two genes close together linked will have a greater crossover frequency?

A

False

35
Q

What term did Griffith use to explain a non pathogenic bacteria turned into a pathogenic bacterium

A

Transformation

36
Q

Dna contains?

A

Phosphorus

37
Q

A sample of Dna contains 10% adenine. What is the percent of nucleotide guinine?

A

40

38
Q

A sample of dna contains 30% adenine. What percent of the nucleotide thymine

A

30

39
Q

During DNA replication prokaryotes have a single origin of replication?

A

True

40
Q

Which strand is anti parallel to a stand in the 3’ to 5’ direction?

A

5’ to 3’

41
Q

Telomerase is found in all cells germ and somatic ?

A

False

42
Q

What is a telomere

A

Ends of chromosomes

43
Q

What is responsible for unwinding the DNA strand?

A

Helicase

44
Q

What enzyme during DNA replication had proofreading capabilities?

A

DNA polymerase

45
Q

What anticodon for the MRNA sequence 5’GcG 3’ is?

A

3’ cgc 5’

46
Q

Transcription

A

The synthesis of rna using information in the dna

47
Q

What does transcription produce

A

Messenger rna

48
Q

Translation.

A

The synthesis of a polypeptide using information in the mRNA

49
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of translation

50
Q

Primary transcription

A

The initial rna transcript from any gene prior to processing

51
Q

DNA > rna > protien

A

True

52
Q

Three stages of transcription

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

53
Q

Each end of a pre mRNA molecule is modified in a particular way

A

The 5’ end receives a modifies nucleotide 5’ cap

The 3’ end gets a poly a tail

54
Q

Spliceosomes

A

Consist of a variety of proteins and several small rnas that recognize the splice stores, rna of splicesome also catalyze the splicing reaction

55
Q

3 properties of rna enable it to function as an enzyme

A

It can form a 3d structure because of its ability to base pair with itself

Some bases in rna contain functional groups that may participate in catalysis

Rna may hydrogen bond with other nucleus acid molecules

56
Q

P site

A

Holds the tRNA that Carrie’s the growing polypeptide chain

57
Q

A site

A

Holds the tRNA that Carrie’s the next amino acid to be added to the chain

58
Q

E site

A

The exit site where discharged tRNA leave the ribosome

59
Q

Nucleotide pair substitution

A

Replaces one nucleotide and it’s partner with another pair of nucleotide

60
Q

Silent mutations

A

Have no effect in the amino acids

61
Q

Missense mutations

A

Still code for an amino acid but not the correct amino acid

62
Q

Nonsense mutations

A

Change and amino acid codon into a stop codon most lead to a nonfunctional protien

bio (4 decks)

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